Translation guide
The English adverb 'virtually' has two main uses: (1) 'almost' or 'nearly', and (2) 'by means of computer technology'. This guide focuses on the first meaning, which is more common and challenging for learners. The second meaning is often expressed with loanwords or specific terms.
Expressing that something is almost completely the case, but not entirely.
The most common and versatile word for 'almost' or 'nearly'. Can be used with verbs, adjectives, and nouns.
Describing something done or existing in a digital or simulated environment.
English 'virtually' can mean 'almost', but Japanese 実際に (actually) means 'in reality'. Do not use 実際に to mean 'virtually' in the sense of 'almost'.
実際に彼は来なかった。
Actually, he didn't come.
仕事はほとんど終わった。
The work is virtually finished.
彼はほとんど毎日ジムに行く。
He goes to the gym virtually every day.
Similar to ほとんど, but slightly more formal or written. Often used with numbers or quantities.
その計画はほぼ完了した。
The plan is virtually complete.
参加者のほぼ全員が賛成した。
Virtually all participants agreed.
Means 'in effect' or 'practically'. Used when something is true in reality even if not officially.
その会社は実質的に倒産している。
The company is virtually bankrupt.
Similar to 実質的に, but more formal. Often used in legal or official contexts.
その法律は事実上無効だ。
The law is virtually invalid.
Loanword from English 'virtual'. Commonly used in compounds like バーチャルリアリティ (virtual reality).
バーチャル会議に参加する。
Attend a virtual meeting.
Means 'online'. Often used when 'virtually' implies via the internet.
授業はオンラインで行われた。
The class was held virtually.
Means 'virtual' in the sense of simulated or not physical. More technical.
仮想的な環境で実験する。
Experiment in a virtual environment.