Archaic conjunctive particle used after the -ba stem of a verb (已然形) to mean 'but' or 'however'. Found in classical Japanese texts.
There is an old expression: 'Though I went and went, I saw no sign of people.'
Archaic concessive particle, also after the -ba stem, expressing 'even though' or 'even if'. Overlaps with sense 1; both are classical grammar patterns.
There is a classical expression: 'Even though I died and died, that feeling did not disappear.'