Translation guide
QED is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase 'quod erat demonstrandum,' used to mark the end of a logical or mathematical proof. In Japanese, there is no single standard equivalent; the concept is expressed through set phrases or by simply ending the proof.
The writer wants to signal that a proof or logical argument is complete, equivalent to writing 'QED' at the end.
Literally 'end of proof.' This is the most common and natural way to mark the end of a proof in Japanese mathematical writing.
Therefore, the theorem holds. QED.
The tombstone symbol (∎) or a filled square (■) is widely used in mathematical texts to mark the end of a proof, just like in English. It is not read aloud, but if needed, it can be referred to as '証明終了記号'.
Thus, the proposition is true. ∎
The Latin abbreviation is sometimes used in Japanese academic contexts, but it is less common than the Japanese phrase or symbol. It may be read as 'キューイーディー'.
Therefore, the hypothesis is correct. Q.E.D.