Translation guide
The English word 'excluding' is used to indicate that something is not included in a group, list, or calculation. In Japanese, this concept is expressed through particles, set phrases, and verbs that mark exclusion. The most common and versatile way is the particle 以外 (igai), which means 'except' or 'other than'. Other options include formal written expressions and verbs for deliberate omission.
To specify that someone or something is not part of a group or category, or is left out of a statement.
Attach 以外 directly after a noun to mean 'except N' or 'other than N'. This is the most common and neutral way to express exclusion in Japanese. It can be used in both spoken and written language.
私以外はみんな学生です。
Everyone except me is a student.
日曜日以外ならいつでも大丈夫です。
Any day except Sunday is fine.
To indicate that a particular item or group is not included in a total, count, or consideration.
The dictionary form of the verb 除く used as a noun-modifier meaning 'excluding N'. Often seen in written notices, signs, or formal statements. It directly modifies a following noun.
送料を除く合計金額
Total amount excluding shipping
以外 (igai) is the most general and neutral way to say 'except'. 除いて (nozoite) is more formal and often used in written contexts or when making explicit exceptions. 抜きで (nuki de) is casual and implies deliberate omission, often used in daily conversation for things like food preferences or leaving someone out of an activity.
彼以外はみんな来た。
Everyone except him came.
彼を除いて全員来た。
Everyone came, excluding him. (formal)
彼抜きでパーティーをした。
We had the party without him. (casual)
価格は税抜きで100ドルです。
The price is $100, excluding tax.
税抜き (zeinuki) is a common compound meaning 'tax excluded'.
今日を除いて、今週は毎日ジムに行った。
Excluding today, I've been to the gym every day this week.
A slightly more formal pattern meaning 'excluding N' or 'with the exception of N'. Often used in written contexts or when making explicit exceptions. The verb 除く means 'to remove/exclude'.
この料金は税金を除いて1000円です。
This fee is 1000 yen excluding tax.
彼を除いて全員が賛成した。
Everyone agreed, excluding him.
Means 'aside from N' or 'apart from N'. It sets the noun apart from the main statement, often implying that the noun is an exception or a separate case. Common in conversation.
値段は別として、このホテルはとても快適だ。
Apart from the price, this hotel is very comfortable.
冗談は別として、本当に大丈夫？
Joking aside, are you really okay?
Means 'leaving out N' or 'without N'. It implies deliberately omitting something, often used when something is intentionally excluded from consideration or an event. More colloquial than 除いて.
冗談を抜きにして、真面目に話そう。
Joking aside, let's talk seriously.
彼を抜きにしてパーティーを始められない。
We can't start the party without him (excluding him).
Everyone excluding me knew the fact.
Means 'without N' or 'excluding N' in the sense of doing something without that item. Commonly used for food preferences (e.g., without wasabi) or when someone is left out of an activity. More casual than 除く.
わさび抜きでお願いします。
Without wasabi, please. (lit. Excluding wasabi, please.)
今日はアルコール抜きで飲みましょう。
Let's drink without alcohol today.
Literally 'does not include N'. A direct and clear way to state exclusion, often used in explanations or specifications. It is a verb phrase that can stand alone or modify a noun.
この価格は消費税を含まない。
This price does not include consumption tax.
旅行費用は食費を含まない。
The travel expenses do not include food costs.
English 'excluding' often corresponds to Japanese particles or verb phrases rather than a single adverb. Using 除外的に (jogaiteki ni) is not natural. Instead, use patterns like 以外, を除いて, or 抜きで depending on context.
Everyone, excluding the manager, attended the meeting.
English 'excluding' often corresponds to Japanese particles or verb phrases rather than a single adverb. Using 除外的に (jogaiteki ni) is not natural. Instead, use patterns like 以外, を除いて, or 抜きで depending on context.