Translation guide
The English word 'including' is used to introduce examples that are part of a larger group. In Japanese, this concept is expressed through particles, phrases, and verb forms rather than a single direct translation. The most common and natural ways are using the particle も, the phrase を含めて, or the expression など.
To say 'including X, Y, and Z' when giving examples of a larger set.
The pattern 'AやBなど' means 'things like A and B' or 'A, B, and so on'. It implies there are other similar items. This is the most common way to express 'including' in a list.
果物や野菜などが好きです。
I like fruits and vegetables, among other things.
東京や大阪などに行きました。
I went to Tokyo, Osaka, and other places.
To express that someone or something is part of an action or condition.
This pattern explicitly includes the noun N in the action or state. It is a variation of を含めて with emphasis.
彼も含めて全員参加です。
Everyone is participating, including him.
など is used for non-exhaustive lists and implies 'and so on'. を含めて is used when you want to explicitly state that something is included, often in a more formal or precise context.
果物などが好きです。
I like fruits and such.
果物を含めて好きです。
I like them, including fruits.
Do not try to translate 'including' word-for-word as a single Japanese word. The English word 'including' often corresponds to a grammatical pattern or particle in Japanese. Using a direct translation like 含む in all cases can sound unnatural.
アジアには日本や中国、韓国など多くの国があります。
There are many countries in Asia, including Japan, China, and Korea.
This phrase directly means 'including' and is used to explicitly include something in a group. It is more formal and precise than など.
私を含めて5人です。
There are five people, including me.
送料を含めて1000円です。
It's 1000 yen, including shipping.
The particle も means 'also' or 'too'. When used in a list, it can imply 'including'. It is less explicit than を含めて but very common in casual speech.
私も行きます。
I'm going too. (Including me.)
日本語も英語も話せます。
I can speak both Japanese and English. (Including both.)
This is the dictionary form of 'to include'. It is often used in written language or formal contexts to describe what something contains.
この料金は税金を含みます。
This price includes tax.
The passive form of 含む, meaning 'is included'. Used when the subject is the thing being included.
サービス料が含まれています。
A service charge is included.