Translation guide
The English word 'including' is used to introduce examples that are part of a larger group. In Japanese, this concept is expressed through particles, phrases, and verb forms rather than a single direct translation. The most common and natural ways are using the particle も, the phrase を含めて, or the expression など.
To say 'including X, Y, and Z' when giving examples of a larger set.
The pattern 'AやBなど' means 'things like A and B' or 'A, B, and so on'. It implies there are other similar items. This is the most common way to express 'including' in a list.
I like fruits and vegetables, among other things.
I went to Tokyo, Osaka, and other places.
This phrase directly means 'including' and is used to explicitly include something in a group. It is more formal and precise than など.
There are five people, including me.
It's 1000 yen, including shipping.
The particle も means 'also' or 'too'. When used in a list, it can imply 'including'. It is less explicit than を含めて but very common in casual speech.
I'm going too. (Including me.)
I can speak both Japanese and English. (Including both.)
This is the dictionary form of 'to include'. It is often used in written language or formal contexts to describe what something contains.
This price includes tax.
To express that someone or something is part of an action or condition.
This pattern explicitly includes the noun N in the action or state. It is a variation of を含めて with emphasis.
Everyone is participating, including him.
The passive form of 含む, meaning 'is included'. Used when the subject is the thing being included.
など is used for non-exhaustive lists and implies 'and so on'. を含めて is used when you want to explicitly state that something is included, often in a more formal or precise context.
I like fruits and such.
I like them, including fruits.
Do not try to translate 'including' word-for-word as a single Japanese word. The English word 'including' often corresponds to a grammatical pattern or particle in Japanese. Using a direct translation like 含む in all cases can sound unnatural.
There are many countries in Asia, including Japan, China, and Korea.
サービス料が含まれています。
A service charge is included.