Translation guide
A guide to expressing the English preposition 'including' in Japanese, covering how to list examples, specify inclusion, and handle partial lists naturally.
To say 'including X, Y, and Z' when giving examples or specifying members of a group.
Used to mean 'including N' when N is part of a larger set. Often followed by a list or a statement about the whole group.
My family has five people, including me.
This tour costs 20,000 yen, including meals.
Modifies a noun to mean 'including N'. Often used in written or formal contexts.
Please make a list including all participants.
A simple way to add 'also' or 'including' when listing items. Often used in casual speech.
I like apples and bananas (including both).
Means 'such as' or 'including things like'. Implies there are other similar items not mentioned.
I like things like fruit (including fruit and similar items).
To clarify that a figure or statement already accounts for a particular item.
Same pattern as above, but used to emphasize that N is already counted in the total.
This price is 1000 yen, including tax.
Means 'including N' or 'with N included'. Common in prices and packages.
It's 5000 yen including shipping.
To explicitly say 'not including' or 'excluding' something.
Means 'excluding N' or 'not including N'.
Everyone will participate, not including me.
Means 'without N' or 'excluding N'. Often used in casual contexts.
Without wasabi, please (not including wasabi).
「含めて」 is a te-form used adverbially to mean 'including' and often connects to a following clause. 「含む」 is the dictionary form and modifies nouns directly. Use 「含めて」 when you want to say 'including X, ...' and 「含む」 when you want to say 'a list including X'.
Ten people came, including him.
a list including him
Avoid directly translating 'including' as a standalone word. Japanese often uses particles like も or patterns like を含めて to convey the same meaning. Using a literal translation like 「含んで」 may sound unnatural.