Translation guide
In Japanese, the verbs for lending and borrowing depend on direction and politeness. The core distinction is between 貸す (to lend) and 借りる (to borrow). There are also humble and honorific forms used in formal situations.
To give something to someone temporarily, expecting it to be returned.
The basic verb for 'to lend'. Used when the speaker is the lender.
I lent money to a friend.
Could you lend me a pen?
Humble form of 貸す. Used when the speaker lends to someone of higher status.
Shall I lend you an umbrella?
Means 'to lend (as a favor)'. Implies doing someone a kindness. Can sound condescending if used to superiors.
I'll lend you the game.
To receive something from someone temporarily, with the intention of returning it.
The basic verb for 'to borrow'. Used when the speaker is the borrower.
I borrowed a book from the library.
May I borrow your phone for a moment?
Humble form of 借りる. Used when borrowing from someone of higher status.
May I use your restroom? (lit. borrow your restroom)
Means 'to borrow and go'. Implies taking the borrowed item away.
Can I borrow this book and take it with me?
Specifically for financial lending and borrowing.
Also used for lending money.
The bank won't lend me money.
Also used for borrowing money.
Formal term for a loan or financing.
Loan (from English). Commonly used for mortgages, car loans, etc.
To adopt or use something from another source, like a phrase or concept.
貸す (kasu) means 'to lend' (giver is the subject). 借りる (kariru) means 'to borrow' (receiver is the subject). Mixing them up is a common mistake. Remember: 貸す = give temporarily, 借りる = receive temporarily.
I lent him money.
I borrowed money from him.
With 貸す, the recipient is marked by に. With 借りる, the lender is marked by に or から. Using the wrong particle can change the meaning.
He borrowed money from a friend.
To receive a loan from a bank.
To take out a mortgage.
お知恵を拝借したい。
I'd like to borrow your wisdom.
Borrow a book from a friend.