Translation guide
The English prefix 'non-' is used to form words meaning 'not' or 'without'. In Japanese, there is no single direct equivalent. Instead, various prefixes, suffixes, and grammatical patterns are used depending on the word and context.
Express that something is not X, lacks X, or is the opposite of X.
The most straightforward way to say 'not X'. Use with nouns and na-adjectives. For i-adjectives, use the negative form.
This is a non-official announcement.
He is a non-expert.
Casual version of ではない. Common in spoken Japanese.
That's non-essential.
Prefix meaning 'non-', 'un-', 'in-'. Attaches to nouns to form compounds. Very productive and formal.
non-profit organization
a non-realistic plan
Prefix meaning 'non-', 'un-', 'in-', 'dis-'. Used with certain nouns, often Sino-Japanese words. Not freely combinable; learn as set phrases.
incomplete (non-complete) information
non-participation
Prefix meaning 'non-', 'un-', '-less'. Often implies absence or lack of something.
non-interest, indifference
a meaningless (non-meaningful) discussion
Express that something does not have or include X.
Means 'without X'. Used after nouns.
I drink coffee non-sugar (without sugar).
Means 'without X', 'omitting X'. Often used for leaving out ingredients or steps.
Non-wasabi, please (without wasabi).
Loanword prefix 'non-', used in some modern compounds, especially in product names or casual contexts.
Use 'non' as an independent word, often in a categorical sense.
Japanese does not use 'non' as a standalone word. Rephrase the sentence to express the negation naturally.
That is a non-applicable case. (lit. That does not apply.)
非 (hi) is the most direct equivalent of 'non-' and is productive. 不 (fu) often translates to 'un-' or 'in-' and is used in fixed compounds. 無 (mu) implies 'without' or 'lack of'. Choose based on the specific word and nuance.
unscientific (non-scientific)
irresponsible (non-responsible)
Do not try to translate 'non-' as a separate word. It is always part of a compound in English, and Japanese uses prefixes or negative constructions instead.
non-alcoholic beer