Translation guide
Expressing that something cannot be done or is impossible in Japanese.
To say that something is not possible or cannot be done.
Use the potential negative form of a verb to express inability. For ru-verbs, replace 〜る with 〜られない; for u-verbs, change the final -u to -e and add ない; for irregular verbs, する becomes できない and くる becomes こられない.
漢字が読めない。
I can't read kanji.
明日は来られない。
I can't come tomorrow.
A more formal or emphatic way to say 'cannot do'. Used in writing or formal speech.
この問題を解くことができない。
I cannot solve this problem.
Means 'impossible' or 'unreasonable'. Often used in casual conversation to refuse or state impossibility.
今日中に終わらせるのは無理だ。
It's impossible to finish by today.
Formal word for 'impossible'. Used in technical or serious contexts.
その計画は不可能だ。
That plan is impossible.
To express that a situation makes something impossible.
Used when something cannot be done due to social or moral obligations, not lack of ability. 'Cannot afford to do' or 'must not do'.
約束を破るわけにはいかない。
I can't break my promise.
Expresses that there is no other choice but to do something. Implies that other options are not possible.
バスがないから歩くしかない。
There's no bus, so we have no choice but to walk.
To say that something is not permitted.
Standard way to say 'must not do' or 'not allowed to do'.
ここで写真を撮ってはいけない。
You must not take photos here.
Can imply prohibition in certain contexts, similar to 'it is not possible (because it's not allowed)'.
ここでタバコを吸うことはできません。
You cannot smoke here.