Translation guide
A formal conjunction meaning 'despite the fact that' or 'although'. It is used to introduce a contrasting clause.
Introduce a clause that contrasts with the main clause, similar to 'although' or 'even though'.
Attach to a plain form clause. This is the most direct and common equivalent in formal or written Japanese.
雨が降っているにもかかわらず、彼は出かけた。
Notwithstanding that it was raining, he went out.
Attach to a plain form clause. More conversational than にもかかわらず, but still can be used in writing. Often carries a nuance of surprise or complaint.
雨が降っているのに、彼は出かけた。
Notwithstanding that it was raining, he went out.
Attach to the stem of a verb or adjective. Literary and somewhat old-fashioned. Often used in written language.
彼は若いながらも、とてもしっかりしている。
Notwithstanding that he is young, he is very reliable.
Notwithstanding that is very formal in English. In Japanese, にもかかわらず is the closest in formality, but のに is more common in everyday speech. Avoid using にもかかわらず in casual conversation as it may sound stiff.
彼は忙しいのに、手伝ってくれた。
Notwithstanding that he was busy, he helped me.
Both mean 'although', but にもかかわらず is more formal and objective, while のに often implies the speaker's emotional reaction (surprise, regret, etc.). In formal writing, にもかかわらず is preferred.
努力したにもかかわらず、失敗した。
Notwithstanding that he made an effort, he failed.
警告されたにもかかわらず、彼は続行した。
Notwithstanding that he was warned, he went ahead.
彼女は裕福であるにもかかわらず、質素に暮らしている。
Notwithstanding that she is rich, she lives simply.
Even though he made an effort, he failed (and I'm disappointed).
Even though he made an effort, he failed (and I'm disappointed).