Translation guide
The English word 'refractory' has two main areas of meaning: (1) stubborn or unmanageable, and (2) resistant to treatment or heat. This guide focuses on the first, more common sense for learners, and briefly covers the medical/technical sense.
Describing someone who is difficult to control, refuses to obey, or is stubbornly resistant to authority.
A common phrase meaning 'out of control' or 'unmanageable'. Used for people, animals, or situations that are too difficult to handle.
Describing a disease that does not respond to treatment, or a material that withstands high temperatures.
A medical term meaning 'refractory' or 'intractable', used for diseases or conditions that resist treatment.
The English word 'refractory' is relatively formal and uncommon in everyday speech. In Japanese, the most natural equivalents for the 'stubborn' sense are common phrases like 手に負えない or 反抗的. Avoid directly translating 'refractory' into a single obscure Japanese word unless the context is technical.
That child is really refractory.
A na-adjective meaning 'rebellious' or 'defiant'. Often used for children or subordinates who actively resist authority.
He took a refractory attitude toward his boss.
A na-adjective meaning 'stubborn' or 'obstinate'. Focuses on a person's unwillingness to change their mind or comply.
She is refractory and won't listen to anyone.
A somewhat literary expression meaning 'hard to control' or 'intractable'. Used in formal or written contexts.
The horse had a refractory temperament.
A new treatment was developed for refractory epilepsy.
Another medical term meaning 'treatment-resistant'. Often used in oncology or psychiatry.
Refractory depression requires a different approach.
Means 'fire-resistant' or 'refractory' in the sense of materials that can withstand high heat, like bricks or ceramics.
This furnace is made of refractory bricks.