Translation guide
The English word 'refractory' has two main areas of meaning: (1) stubborn or unmanageable, and (2) resistant to treatment or heat. This guide focuses on the first, more common sense for learners, and briefly covers the medical/technical sense.
Describing someone who is difficult to control, refuses to obey, or is stubbornly resistant to authority.
A common phrase meaning 'out of control' or 'unmanageable'. Used for people, animals, or situations that are too difficult to handle.
Describing a disease that does not respond to treatment, or a material that withstands high temperatures.
A medical term meaning 'refractory' or 'intractable', used for diseases or conditions that resist treatment.
難治性のてんかんに対する新しい治療法が開発された。
A new treatment was developed for refractory epilepsy.
The English word 'refractory' is relatively formal and uncommon in everyday speech. In Japanese, the most natural equivalents for the 'stubborn' sense are common phrases like 手に負えない or 反抗的. Avoid directly translating 'refractory' into a single obscure Japanese word unless the context is technical.
あの子は本当に手に負えない。
That child is really refractory.
A na-adjective meaning 'rebellious' or 'defiant'. Often used for children or subordinates who actively resist authority.
彼は上司に対して反抗的な態度をとった。
He took a refractory attitude toward his boss.
A na-adjective meaning 'stubborn' or 'obstinate'. Focuses on a person's unwillingness to change their mind or comply.
彼女は強情で、誰の言うことも聞かない。
She is refractory and won't listen to anyone.
A somewhat literary expression meaning 'hard to control' or 'intractable'. Used in formal or written contexts.
その馬は御し難い気性だった。
The horse had a refractory temperament.
Another medical term meaning 'treatment-resistant'. Often used in oncology or psychiatry.
治療抵抗性のうつ病には別のアプローチが必要だ。
Refractory depression requires a different approach.
Means 'fire-resistant' or 'refractory' in the sense of materials that can withstand high heat, like bricks or ceramics.
この炉は耐火性のレンガで作られている。
This furnace is made of refractory bricks.