いかなるany; whatever (formal)
The formal どんな. Before a noun, mostly with も or でも after it, it takes in every case there could be: no exceptions, whatever the reason, under any circumstances. It is the voice of rules, law and solemn speeches.
This rule allows no exceptions of any kind.
Whatever the reason, personal information must not be disclosed to third parties.
How to form it
いかなる + noun(+ も/でも/であれ)
Straight before the noun, as どんな is. When a verb follows the noun, the verb takes ても: いかなる理由があっても.
- The noun
- Mostly an abstract one: 理由, 場合, 状況, 例外, 差別, 困難.
- After it
- Mostly a negative, a ban or a duty: 認めない, 許されない, してはならない, しなければならない.
- Where you'll meet it
- Laws, contracts, rules, declarations, speeches, editorials. In conversation it sounds like a proclamation.
- In everyday speech
- どんな. One step up, in polite and business talk, どのような.
In use
No discrimination of any kind is acceptable.
Researchers must keep their records accurate under all circumstances.
Whatever difficulties arise, the investigation will not be stopped.
Two things to know
At home it is どんな
Violence is unacceptable, whatever the reason.
A school's statement.
Whatever the reason, violence is not OK.
A parent, to a child.
It can also ask "what"
In formal questions and research writing いかなる simply asks "what" or "what kind of".
For what purpose was this system introduced?
Close neighbours
いかんN1
Comes after its noun: 理由のいかん, "what the reason is". 理由のいかんを問わず makes the same rule as いかなる理由があっても.
Absence without notice is not permitted, whatever the reason.
どんなN4
The everyday word. With でも or ても it takes in every case in the same way.
Whatever the problem, she thinks it through calmly.
であれN1
A stiff でも that often follows it: "whatever … may be".
Whatever the reason, falsifying records cannot be allowed.
Check yourself
1What does this mean?
いかなる
Choose an answer to see why.
2A friend looks good in everything they try on. Which would you say to them?
Choose an answer to see why.
More detail
いかに is the adverb of the same family, a formal どんなに: いかに困難でも, however difficult.
More sentences
This provision takes precedence in all cases.
No hazardous items of any kind may be brought into this building.
No power stands above the law.
We examined under what conditions this substance changes.
Asking "what", in a research report.