書かかせられる・食たべさせられる・させられる・来こさせられるCausative-passive form

The causative-passive makes the person who is made to do something the subject. It often suggests that the action was unwanted, burdensome, or unavoidable.

Learn this point in context

System guidePassive, causative, and causative-passive viewpoints

Build the form

Formation

Full form

Make the causative form, then replace its final る with られる: 書かかせる → 書かかせられる

Group 1, common shortened form

Change the final dictionary-form kana to its a-row form and add される: 書かく → 書かかされる; 飲のむ → 飲のまされる

For a verb ending in う, use わされる, as in 洗あらう → 洗あらわされる.

Group 1 verbs ending in su

Use the full form: 話はなす → 話はなさせられる

Do not shorten this to 話はなさされる.

Group 2

Remove the final る and add させられる: 食たべる → 食たべさせられる

Irregular verbs

する → させられる; 来くる → 来こさせられる

Further conjugation

The completed form behaves like a Group 2 verb: 書かかされる → 書かかされない / 書かかされた / 書かかされます

Where it fits

NeutralSpokenWritten

Both full and shortened standard forms occur in speech and writing. The shortened Group 1 form is especially common, while full forms are required for Group 1 verbs ending in す, Group 2 verbs, and irregular verbs.

Who does what

The person compelled to act is marked by は or が. The person causing the action is commonly marked by に. If the original verb has an object, that object remains marked by を.

私わたしは先せん生せいに作さく文ぶんを書かかされました。

I was made to write an essay by my teacher.

Analyze

私わたし is the person who writes, 先せん生せい causes the action, and 作さく文ぶん is what is written.

Full and shortened Group 1 forms

For most Group 1 verbs, both versions are standard, but the shorter version is generally more common.

私わたしは先せん生せいに長ながい作さく文ぶんを書かかせられました。

I was made to write a long essay by my teacher.

Analyze

This uses the full form.

私わたしは先せん生せいに長ながい作さく文ぶんを書かかされました。

I was made to write a long essay by my teacher.

Analyze

This is the common shortened form.

The key change in viewpoint

The causative makes the person causing the action the subject. The causative-passive switches the viewpoint: the person made to act becomes the subject.

母ははは子こどもに野や菜さいを食たべさせました。

The mother made the child eat vegetables.

Analyze

Causative: the mother is the subject.

子こどもは母ははに野や菜さいを食たべさせられました。

The child was made to eat vegetables by the mother.

Analyze

Causative-passive: the child is the subject.

Reluctance without necessarily implying anger

This form often presents an action as unwanted or burdensome, but it does not always express strong resentment. It can simply show that another person or the circumstances left the subject little choice.