Translation guide
The Nanking Massacre refers to the mass killing and atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in Nanjing, China, in 1937–1938. In Japanese, it is most commonly referred to as 南京事件 (Nankin Jiken, 'Nanjing Incident') or 南京大虐殺 (Nankin Daigyakusatsu, 'Nanjing Great Massacre'). The choice of term often reflects political or historical perspective.
Referring to the historical event in a neutral or academic context.
Literally 'Nanjing Incident'. This is the most common and relatively neutral term used in Japanese media and academia, though some consider it euphemistic.
The Nanking Incident occurred in 1937.
Literally 'Nanjing Great Massacre'. This term explicitly acknowledges the scale of atrocities and is used by those who emphasize the massacre aspect. It is common in international contexts and among critics of Japanese historical revisionism.
There is debate over the number of victims of the Nanking Massacre.
A shorter form of 南京大虐殺, also meaning 'Nanjing Massacre'. Less common but still used.
Some people deny the Nanking Massacre.
Referring to the event in a way that downplays or denies the massacre, often used by Japanese nationalists.
While also the standard term, it is sometimes preferred by revisionists because 'incident' sounds less severe than 'massacre'.
Using this term without context may imply a revisionist stance. In neutral settings, it is acceptable but be aware of the nuance.
He claimed the Nanking Incident was merely an act of war.
Literally 'Battle of Nanjing'. This framing treats the event as a military operation rather than a massacre, often used to justify or minimize atrocities.
Highly revisionist; avoid unless discussing specific military aspects or revisionist rhetoric.
The terminology used for the Nanking Massacre is highly politicized in Japan. 南京事件 is the standard term in Japanese media, but internationally it may be seen as euphemistic. 南京大虐殺 is clearer but can be perceived as taking a critical stance. Be mindful of context and audience.
南京事件 (Nankin Jiken) is the most common term in Japan and is used in textbooks and news. 南京大虐殺 (Nankin Daigyakusatsu) is used by those who want to emphasize the massacre. The former can be seen as neutral or evasive; the latter as accurate or accusatory.
The Battle of Nanjing was part of the Japanese military's operations.