Translation guide
Used to indicate that a list continues in a similar manner, often implying more items exist without stating them explicitly.
To say 'and so on' when listing things, implying there are more similar items.
The most common and neutral way to say 'and so on' or 'etc.' in Japanese. It follows nouns directly.
りんごやバナナなどを買いました。
I bought apples, bananas, and so on.
Casual and conversational, often used to list examples. Can be used multiple times in a sentence.
On my days off, I watch movies, go shopping, and so on.
A particle used between nouns to create a non-exhaustive list, similar to 'and so on' when combined with など.
There are books, pens, and so on on the desk.
Formal written equivalent of など, often used in academic or official contexts.
In large cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and so on, the population is concentrated.
To trail off a list, implying the listener can guess the rest.
To express 'and so on' in a more structured or academic manner.
Do not directly translate 'and so on' as そしてその上など; it is unnatural. Use the particles and phrases above.
など is neutral and can be used in both speech and writing. とか is more casual and conversational, often used to list actions or states. や is a particle that pairs with など to create a non-exhaustive list.
He said he was busy or something and didn't come.
必要なものはパスポート、ビザ、その他です。
The necessary items are a passport, visa, and so on.