Translation guide
The English phrase 'at first' describes an initial state or action that later changes. In Japanese, this is commonly expressed with adverbs like 最初は or 初めは, or with the grammar pattern ～た時は～が、今は～. The choice depends on whether you are contrasting past and present, describing a first impression, or narrating a sequence of events.
最初は大変だったけど、慣れました。
At first it was hard, but I got used to it.
To describe how something was in the beginning, implying that it is different now.
The most common and neutral way to say 'at first'. It sets up a contrast with the current situation.
最初は難しかったけど、今は簡単です。
At first it was difficult, but now it's easy.
最初は彼のことが好きじゃなかった。
At first I didn't like him.
Very similar to 最初は, but can feel slightly more subjective or personal. Often interchangeable.
初めはそう思っていました。
At first I thought so.
A sentence pattern that explicitly contrasts the past and present. Use the past tense verb before 時.
日本に来た時は日本語が話せなかったが、今は話せる。
When I first came to Japan I couldn't speak Japanese, but now I can.
Formal, often used in written or business contexts. Implies 'initially' or 'at the outset'.
当初は計画通りに進んでいた。
At first, things were going according to plan.
To express a first impression or immediate reaction, often followed by a change of opinion.
Literally 'in my first impression', used to introduce an initial judgment.
最初の印象では、彼は冷たい人だと思った。
At first I thought he was a cold person.
Useful when talking about the first time you met someone or encountered something.
初めて会った時は、あまり話さなかった。
At first when we met, we didn't talk much.
To indicate the starting point of a sequence of events, without necessarily implying a contrast.
Means 'first of all' or 'to begin with'. Used when listing steps or actions.
まず、自己紹介をしてください。
At first, please introduce yourself.
Similar to まず, but can also mean 'firstly' in a sequence.
最初に、材料を混ぜます。
At first, mix the ingredients.
The phrase 'at first' implies a change over time. If you mean 'for the first time' (as in a new experience), use 初めて (はじめて).
初めて寿司を食べた。
I ate sushi for the first time.
Adding は after time expressions like 最初 or 初め emphasizes the contrast with the present. Without は, it may simply mean 'first' in a sequence.