Translation guide
This entry covers how to express that something or someone is included in a group, list, set, or category. Japanese uses different verbs and patterns depending on whether the inclusion is active (being part of a group), passive (being contained or listed), or abstract (being counted among).
Expressing that someone or something is a member of a group, or is among a set of items.
The passive form of 含む (to include). It means 'is included' in the sense of being contained within a larger whole. Commonly used for items in a list, ingredients, or abstract things.
Tax is included in this price.
Is breakfast included in the fee?
Literally 'is in/inside'. Very common in everyday speech for physical inclusion, such as items in a box, ingredients in a dish, or people in a room.
Batteries are included in this set.
There are nuts in the salad. (Nuts are included in the salad.)
Active verb meaning 'to include'. Used when the subject is the container or the whole. Often seen in written descriptions.
This tour includes airport transfers.
Pattern meaning 'is one of ~'. Used to say something is included as a member of a category or group.
This is also one of his representative works. (This is included among his representative works.)
Expressing that a name, item, or detail appears in a list, document, or record.
Means 'is listed' or 'appears' in a publication, list, or on a website. Very common for names in directories, articles in magazines, etc.
Is your name on the list? (Is your name included in the list?)
This information is not included in the brochure.
Formal term meaning 'is stated/recorded'. Used in official documents, contracts, or reports.
Expressing that someone or something is part of a total count or is considered as part of a group.
Means 'is counted among'. Used when someone or something is considered part of a prestigious group or category.
He is counted among the world's top players. (He is included among the world's top players.)
Literally 'to enter', but can mean 'to be included' in a count or category, especially in casual contexts.
含まれる (fukumareru) is more abstract and formal, often used for non-physical inclusion like taxes, conditions, or abstract elements. 入っている (haitteiru) is concrete and casual, for physical items inside something. However, they can overlap in many contexts.
Tax is included in the fee. (abstract, formal)
The manual is included in the box. (physical, casual)
When saying a person is included in a group, avoid using 含む (fukumu) directly. Instead use patterns like 〜の一人だ (is one of) or メンバーだ (is a member). 含む is more for inanimate objects or abstract concepts.
Is lunch included?
Your name was not included in the list.
Service charge is included.
The condition is included (stated) in the contract.
この金額には送料も入っていますか？
Is shipping included in this amount?