Translation guide
A prepositional phrase indicating the method, instrument, or process used to achieve something. In Japanese, this is typically expressed with particles like で, によって, or を使って, depending on the nuance.
Expressing the tool, method, or means by which an action is performed.
The particle で marks the means or instrument. It is the most common and neutral way to express 'by means of' for tools, vehicles, languages, and methods.
I go to school by bus.
Please speak in Japanese.
I cut paper with scissors.
Literally 'using N', this explicitly states the means. It is slightly more emphatic than で and can be used when the tool or method is highlighted.
I create documents using a computer.
A more formal or written pattern meaning 'by means of' or 'through'. It often implies a process or an abstract means, and can also indicate the agent in passive sentences.
Information spread by means of the internet.
This problem was solved through discussion.
Means 'through' or 'via', emphasizing the medium or channel. Often used for communication or indirect means.
I got to know him through a friend.
Expressing an abstract method, system, or process by which something is achieved.
Also used for abstract means like systems, rules, or methods.
Let's decide by majority vote.
Common for formal or abstract means, such as laws, systems, or processes.
It is prohibited by law.
で is the default for tools and methods. を使って explicitly means 'using' and can sound more deliberate. によって is formal and often used in writing or for abstract means, and can also mark the agent in passive constructions.
In casual speech, によって can sound stiff. Use で or を使って instead for everyday conversation.