Translation guide
A prepositional phrase indicating the method, instrument, or process used to achieve something. In Japanese, this is typically expressed with particles like で, によって, or を使って, depending on the nuance.
Expressing the tool, method, or means by which an action is performed.
The particle で marks the means or instrument. It is the most common and neutral way to express 'by means of' for tools, vehicles, languages, and methods.
バスで学校に行きます。
I go to school by bus.
日本語で話してください。
Please speak in Japanese.
はさみで紙を切ります。
I cut paper with scissors.
Expressing an abstract method, system, or process by which something is achieved.
Also used for abstract means like systems, rules, or methods.
多数決で決めましょう。
Let's decide by majority vote.
Common for formal or abstract means, such as laws, systems, or processes.
で is the default for tools and methods. を使って explicitly means 'using' and can sound more deliberate. によって is formal and often used in writing or for abstract means, and can also mark the agent in passive constructions.
In casual speech, によって can sound stiff. Use で or を使って instead for everyday conversation.
Literally 'using N', this explicitly states the means. It is slightly more emphatic than で and can be used when the tool or method is highlighted.
コンピューターを使って資料を作ります。
I create documents using a computer.
A more formal or written pattern meaning 'by means of' or 'through'. It often implies a process or an abstract means, and can also indicate the agent in passive sentences.
インターネットによって情報が広がった。
Information spread by means of the internet.
この問題は話し合いによって解決された。
This problem was solved through discussion.
Means 'through' or 'via', emphasizing the medium or channel. Often used for communication or indirect means.
友人を通して彼と知り合った。
I got to know him through a friend.
法律によって禁止されている。
It is prohibited by law.