Translation guide
The English verb "contend" has several distinct meanings: to argue or assert, to compete or struggle, and to deal with difficulties. This guide breaks down these meanings and provides natural Japanese equivalents for each.
To state or argue that something is true, often in a debate or formal context.
The most common and neutral way to say "contend" in the sense of asserting an opinion or claim. Used in both spoken and written contexts.
He contended that he was innocent.
Experts contend that this policy will lead to economic growth.
To argue or discuss a point, often in a more analytical or academic manner. Slightly more formal than 主張する.
The author contends in this chapter that education is important.
To insist or stubbornly maintain a point, often with a nuance of persistence. Can be used in everyday conversation.
Can sound stubborn or argumentative; use carefully in formal settings.
He contended that he was right.
To argue forcefully or emphasize a point strongly. Used in formal speeches or writing.
He contended strongly for the need for reform at the meeting.
To compete for something, such as a prize, position, or victory, often against opponents.
To compete or vie for something. Commonly used in sports, business, and other competitive contexts.
Many athletes are contending for the gold medal.
Two companies are contending for market share.
To contend or fight for something, often with a stronger sense of rivalry or conflict. Can be used in both literal and figurative struggles.
A pattern meaning "to contend for (something)". Emphasizes what is at stake.
They are contending for the championship.
To fight or battle, used when the competition is intense or metaphorical. Can imply a struggle against difficulties.
This word can also mean physical combat; context is important.
To have to deal with a difficult situation or problem.
To deal with or cope with a problem. Neutral and widely used.
We have to contend with many problems.
To tackle or grapple with an issue, often with a proactive nuance.
To struggle or have a hard time with something. Emphasizes the difficulty.
He is contending with debt repayment.
主張する is a neutral assertion, while 言い張る implies stubbornness or insistence, often in the face of opposition. Use 主張する for formal arguments and 言い張る for personal disputes.
He asserted his opinion at the meeting.
He stubbornly contended that he was right and wouldn't listen.
English often uses "contend with" for dealing with difficulties. In Japanese, direct translation like 〜と争う is unnatural. Use 対処する, 取り組む, or 苦労する depending on the nuance.
候補者たちが大統領の座を争っている。
The candidates are contending for the presidency.
彼は病気と長い間戦っている。
He has been contending with illness for a long time.
政府は環境問題に真剣に取り組んでいる。
The government is contending with environmental issues seriously.