Translation guide
A device or object used to hold a door open or prevent it from slamming shut.
door stopper (general)
A portable wedge or heavy object placed against a door to keep it from closing.
The most common and direct translation, a loanword from English. Used for both wedges and heavier decorative stoppers.
Go buy a door stopper.
A general term for a door stop or buffer, often referring to a fixed floor or wall-mounted stopper that prevents the door from hitting the wall.
The door stopper broke, so I need to install a new one.
Specifically a wedge-shaped door stopper, often made of rubber or wood. Less common than ドアストッパー.
Please insert the door wedge under the door.
A device attached to the wall or floor that stops the door from hitting the wall or making noise.
A heavy, often decorative object placed on the floor to hold a door open.
ドアストッパー is a broad loanword covering most types of door stoppers, including wedges and decorative weights. 戸当たり typically refers to fixed, often small, devices attached to walls or floors to prevent doors from hitting them. In many contexts they overlap, but 戸当たり is less likely for a portable wedge.
Also used for fixed types, though it can be ambiguous.
There's a door stopper on the floor.
ドアが閉まらないように、重りを置いた。
I put a weight to keep the door from closing.