Translation guide
The English word "empirical" refers to knowledge based on observation or experience rather than theory. In Japanese, it is most commonly expressed with 経験的 (けいけんてき) or 実証的 (じっしょうてき), depending on whether the emphasis is on personal experience or objective evidence.
Describing knowledge, methods, or findings derived from direct or indirect observation or experience, not just theory.
The most common and general translation for 'empirical', emphasizing knowledge gained through experience or observation. Used in both everyday and academic contexts.
In chemistry, an empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.
経験的 (けいけんてき) is broader and can refer to personal experience or general observation. 実証的 (じっしょうてき) is more formal and implies systematic verification, often used in academic papers. For everyday 'empirical', 経験的 is usually sufficient.
Empirically speaking, it's better to go to bed early.
It is based on empirical knowledge.
We lack empirical data.
Often used in scientific or academic contexts, emphasizing verification through evidence or proof. Closer to 'evidence-based' or 'empirically verified'.
Empirical research is necessary.
Specifically refers to experimental or empirical in the sense of derived from controlled experiments. More narrow than 経験的.
Verify using empirical (experimental) methods.
The standard term for 'empirical formula' in chemistry.
The empirical formula of water is H2O.
It's an empirically proven fact.
The English word 'empirical' is sometimes translated as 経験主義的 (けいけんしゅぎてき), but this refers to the philosophical doctrine of empiricism, not general empirical knowledge. Use 経験的 or 実証的 instead.
This theory lacks empirical support.