Translation guide
In Japanese, referring to a homeless person requires sensitivity to context and politeness. The most common and neutral term is ホームレス, a loanword from English. More formal or official terms exist, but some older words can be derogatory. This guide helps you choose the right expression based on the situation.
To refer to a homeless person in a neutral, everyday context without sounding rude or overly formal.
The most common and neutral term, borrowed from English. Widely understood and used in media and conversation.
There is a homeless person near the station.
I volunteer for homeless support.
Literally 'street-living person'. A more descriptive and slightly formal term, often used in news reports or official contexts. Considered neutral and respectful.
The number of homeless people is increasing year by year.
To use a term suitable for government documents, academic papers, or formal discussions.
To understand terms that exist but may be offensive or outdated. Generally avoid using these.
Literally 'vagrant' or 'wanderer'. This term is outdated and often carries a negative connotation, implying laziness or criminality. Avoid using it.
This word is considered derogatory and should not be used to refer to homeless people. It appears in older texts but is inappropriate in modern, respectful conversation.
The word 'furōsha' is considered discriminatory.
Means 'beggar'. Highly derogatory and offensive. Never use this to refer to a homeless person.
Extremely offensive. Do not use.
Direct translations like 家のない人 (person without a house) are not idiomatic and may sound awkward. Stick to ホームレス or 路上生活者.
person without a house (unnatural)
ホームレス can be used with の to modify nouns, e.g., ホームレスの人 (homeless person), ホームレスの問題 (homelessness issue).
an organization that supports homeless people
Preferred in some official statistics and legal contexts.
The law for supporting homeless people was enacted.
乞食という呼び方は絶対に使ってはいけません。
You must never use the term 'kojiki'.