Translation guide
The English word "impairment" refers to a reduction in function, ability, or quality. In Japanese, there is no single direct equivalent; the best translation depends on whether you are talking about physical/sensory disabilities, cognitive decline, temporary effects, or damage to objects/systems.
To describe a long-term or permanent reduction in physical or sensory function, such as vision, hearing, or mobility.
The most common and general term for disability or impairment. Can be used for physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental conditions. Often combined with a specific area, e.g., 視覚障害 (visual impairment).
彼は視覚障害がある。
He has a visual impairment.
身体障害者手帳を持っています。
I have a physical disability certificate.
An alternative spelling of 障害, sometimes preferred to avoid the negative connotation of the kanji 害 (harm). Used in official contexts by some municipalities and organizations.
障がい者支援施設
support facility for people with disabilities
Specifically refers to functional impairment, often used in medical or technical contexts to describe loss of function in a body part or system.
この薬は肝機能障害を引き起こす可能性がある。
This medicine may cause liver function impairment.
To describe a reduction in cognitive abilities, such as memory, judgment, or thinking, often due to aging or illness.
The standard term for cognitive impairment. Used in medical and caregiving contexts.
祖母は軽度の認知障害と診断された。
My grandmother was diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment.
To describe a temporary state where one's physical or mental abilities are diminished, often due to external factors.
Means 'decreased function' or 'functional decline'. Can be used for temporary or gradual impairment of body or system functions.
飲酒は判断力の機能低下を招く。
Drinking alcohol leads to impairment of judgment.
A general phrase meaning 'decline in ability'. Can be used for temporary or permanent situations.
睡眠不足は集中力の能力の低下を引き起こす。
Lack of sleep causes impairment of concentration.
To describe a reduction in the quality, value, or functionality of non-living things, such as assets, equipment, or infrastructure.
Means damage or injury, often physical. Can be used for impairment of property or equipment.
建物に大きな損傷が見られた。
Significant impairment to the building was observed.
Refers to deterioration or degradation over time. Commonly used for materials, quality, or performance.
Literally 'decrease in value'. Used in financial or accounting contexts for impairment of assets.
その資産は価値の減少が認められた。
The asset was recognized as having an impairment.
English 'impairment' is often used as a standalone noun, but Japanese typically requires a compound word specifying the type (e.g., 視覚障害 for visual impairment). Using 障害 alone without context may be ambiguous.
Both are read しょうがい and mean disability/impairment. 障害 is the standard spelling, while 障がい is a euphemistic variant that avoids the character 害 (harm). The choice depends on the organization or personal preference; learners should be aware of both.
Specifically refers to memory impairment. Often used when memory loss is the primary symptom.
事故の後、彼は記憶障害に悩まされている。
After the accident, he suffers from memory impairment.
Performance was impaired due to aging deterioration.