Translation guide
A phrase used to rephrase or clarify a previous statement. In Japanese, the most common equivalent is つまり (tsumari), but other expressions exist depending on formality and nuance.
つまり
In other words
To restate something more simply or clearly.
The most common and neutral way to say 'in other words' or 'that is to say'. Used in both spoken and written Japanese.
彼は、つまり私の兄です。
He is, in other words, my older brother.
つまり、何が言いたいんですか？
In other words, what are you trying to say?
Literally 'if rephrased'. A more formal or written alternative, often used in explanations or academic contexts.
言い換えれば、それは不可能だ。
In other words, that is impossible.
Formal and often used in writing or speeches. Can also mean 'namely' or 'that is'.
Means 'in short' or 'the point is'. Used to summarize or get to the core of the matter. Slightly more casual than つまり.
つまり is the most versatile and common. すなわち is formal and often used in definitions or written explanations. 要するに is used when summarizing or emphasizing the main point, similar to 'in short'.
つまり、彼は賛成しない。
In other words, he doesn't agree.
すなわち、これが問題の核心だ。
That is to say, this is the heart of the problem.
要するに、時間がないんだ。
In short, we don't have time.
彼は私の恩人、すなわち命の恩人です。
He is my benefactor, in other words, the person who saved my life.
要するに、彼は来ないってこと？
In other words, he's not coming?