Translation guide
The rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
The scientific term for the Earth's rigid outer shell, used in geology and earth science.
Standard scientific term for lithosphere. Literally 'rock sphere'.
The lithosphere consists of the crust and the upper mantle.
Katakana loanword from English, common in academic contexts.
The thickness of the lithosphere varies by region.
Abbreviated form of 岩石圏, less common but understood in technical writing.
Investigate the structure of the lithosphere.