Translation guide
Penal servitude refers to imprisonment with hard labor as a punishment. In Japanese, this concept is expressed through legal terms for imprisonment with labor, historical terms for forced labor, and descriptive phrases.
The standard legal term for a prison sentence that includes compulsory labor.
The standard legal term for imprisonment with hard labor. Used in modern Japanese criminal law.
彼は懲役5年の判決を受けた。
He was sentenced to five years of penal servitude.
Specifically refers to a penal servitude sentence as a type of punishment.
懲役刑が科される犯罪もある。
Some crimes carry a sentence of penal servitude.
Refers to penal servitude in a historical context, such as exile with hard labor.
Historical term for banishment or exile, often combined with forced labor. Used for pre-modern penal servitude.
江戸時代には流刑が重罪の罰として用いられた。
During the Edo period, penal servitude (exile with labor) was used as a punishment for serious crimes.
Historical term for imprisonment with hard labor, used in early modern Japanese legal systems.
Describing the idea of being forced to work as part of a criminal sentence, without using specific legal terms.
A descriptive phrase meaning 'detention accompanied by forced labor'. Used when explaining the concept rather than citing a specific legal term.
その国では、強制労働を伴う拘禁が刑罰として科される。
In that country, penal servitude is imposed as a punishment.
Refers to prison labor, the work performed by inmates. Not a sentence itself, but the labor aspect of penal servitude.
受刑者は刑務作業に従事する。
Prisoners engage in penal labor.
The English phrase 'penal servitude' is a specific legal term. In Japanese, the most common equivalent is 懲役 (chōeki), but this refers specifically to imprisonment with hard labor under modern law. For historical or general contexts, use the appropriate alternative.
Penal servitude was stipulated in the criminal code of the early Meiji period.