Translation guide
The English word 'servant' can refer to a domestic worker, a public official, or a devoted follower. In Japanese, the most common and neutral term for a domestic servant is 使用人 (shiyounin), but many other words exist depending on context, formality, and historical period. This guide covers the most useful expressions for English-speaking learners.
A person employed to do household work, such as cleaning, cooking, or serving.
The most standard and neutral word for a domestic servant in modern Japanese. It can refer to any household employee, from maids to butlers.
彼女はその家の使用人として働いている。
She works as a servant in that household.
A more traditional term for a servant, often implying a live-in domestic worker. It can sound old-fashioned or hierarchical.
A formal, legalistic term for a domestic worker, often used in contracts or official documents.
家事使用人として雇用契約を結ぶ。
Sign an employment contract as a domestic worker.
A female servant, especially one who cleans and does housework. Often associated with a uniform.
The most common word for a maid in modern Japanese, borrowed from English. It often evokes a Western-style maid in a uniform, but can be used generally.
A male servant, especially the head servant in a household, responsible for managing other staff and serving the family.
The standard word for a butler, often seen in manga, anime, and stories about wealthy families. It implies a high-ranking male servant.
A person employed by the government or public sector, often with a sense of duty to the public.
A person who is devoted to a person, ideal, or organization, often with a sense of humility or dedication.
A literary or religious expression meaning 'servant of ~.' It is used in phrases like 'servant of God' (神の僕). Note: 僕 (しもべ) is different from the pronoun 僕 (ぼく).
彼は神の僕として生涯を捧げた。
He dedicated his life as a servant of God.
A servant in a historical Japanese context, such as a samurai's attendant or a feudal retainer.
A retainer or vassal in feudal Japan, serving a lord (daimyo). It is commonly used in historical dramas and literature.
In modern Japanese, job titles like 'public servant' are not translated literally with 使用人 or 召使い. Instead, use specific terms like 公務員 (civil servant) or 会社員 (company employee). Using 召使い for a modern worker would sound insulting or archaic.
彼は公務員です。
He is a public servant.
使用人 is the most neutral and modern term for any domestic servant. 召使い is more traditional and can imply a lower social status. メイド specifically refers to a female maid, often with a Western image. In everyday conversation, お手伝いさん is a polite and common alternative for a maid or helper.
The term お手伝いさん includes the honorific さん, making it polite. You can also say お手伝い without さん, but it sounds slightly less respectful. When referring to your own maid, お手伝いさん is still common and not overly formal.
昔、大きな屋敷には多くの召使いがいた。
In the past, large mansions had many servants.
ホテルにメイドが部屋を掃除しに来た。
A maid came to clean the room at the hotel.
A traditional term for a live-in female servant or maid. It is now somewhat dated and may be considered politically incorrect in modern contexts.
祖母は若い頃、女中として働いていた。
My grandmother worked as a maid when she was young.
A polite and somewhat euphemistic term for a maid or domestic helper. It literally means 'helper' and is often used in daily conversation.
お手伝いさんに来てもらって助かっている。
I'm grateful to have a maid come help.
その執事は主人に忠実だった。
The butler was loyal to his master.
A formal, somewhat archaic term for a steward or butler, often used in historical or legal contexts.
明治時代の家令の役割について研究している。
I'm researching the role of stewards in the Meiji era.
The general term for a public servant or civil servant. It covers a wide range of government employees.
彼は地方公務員として働いている。
He works as a local public servant.
A formal, idealistic phrase meaning 'servant of the people.' It is used in political rhetoric or historical contexts.
政治家は人民の公僕であるべきだ。
Politicians should be servants of the people.
A humble or self-deprecating term for a servant or underling. It can be used in fiction or metaphorically to express extreme devotion.
私はあなたの下僕です。
I am your humble servant.
忠実な家来が殿様に仕えていた。
A loyal retainer served his lord.
An attendant or follower, often used for a servant accompanying a master. It can be used in both historical and fantasy settings.
王女は従者を連れて旅に出た。
The princess set out on a journey with her attendants.
A term for a samurai's retainer or follower in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. Very specific to Japanese history.
彼は源氏の郎党として戦った。
He fought as a retainer of the Genji clan.