Translation guide
A person who holds land from a feudal lord and owes loyalty and service. In Japanese, this is expressed with terms like 家臣 (retainer) or 臣下 (subject), but the concept is deeply tied to historical context.
A person who serves a lord in a feudal system, often in exchange for land or protection.
The most common and general term for a vassal or retainer in a feudal context. It emphasizes the master-servant relationship within a clan or household.
A country or state that is under the control or protection of a more powerful one.
The English word 'vassal' is heavily tied to European feudalism. While Japanese terms like 家臣 are close equivalents, they refer specifically to Japanese historical contexts. Avoid using these terms for modern subordinate relationships unless you intend a historical or metaphorical comparison.
He served his lord as a loyal vassal.
A more formal term for a subject or vassal, often used in relation to a monarch or emperor. It highlights the hierarchical position below the ruler.
臣下としての義務を果たす。
Fulfill one's duty as a vassal.
A retainer or servant, often used in a more personal or household context. It can imply a closer, more direct service to a lord.
家来たちは城の守りを固めた。
The vassals strengthened the castle's defenses.
A historical term for a vassal or follower, especially in the context of medieval warrior bands. It often refers to a group of retainers rather than an individual.
彼は多くの郎党を従えていた。
He had many vassals under his command.
A vassal state or dependency. This is the standard term for a country that is subordinate to another in international relations.
その小国は大国の属国となった。
The small country became a vassal state of the great power.
A historical term for a vassal state, particularly in the context of the Chinese tributary system. Rare in modern usage.
琉球王国はかつて清の藩属であった。
The Ryukyu Kingdom was once a vassal state of Qing China.