Translation guide
The English word "vicious" covers several distinct meanings: cruel/violent behavior, aggressive animals, severe criticism, and intense/destructive natural forces. Japanese uses different words for each nuance.
Describing a person, action, or behavior that is deliberately cruel, violent, or brutal.
The most direct equivalent for 'vicious' in the sense of cruel and brutal. Used for people, acts, or nature.
He is a vicious criminal.
The attack was vicious.
Emphasizes heinousness and wickedness, often used for crimes or criminals.
A vicious crime occurred.
Fierce and brutal, often used for animals or primitive violence. Can sound literary.
A vicious beast attacked the village.
Describing an animal that is prone to attacking or biting.
Describing words, criticism, or verbal attacks that are extremely harsh, cruel, or intended to hurt.
Implies malicious intent and harmful nature. Used for criticism, rumors, or attacks.
He spread vicious rumors.
I received vicious criticism.
Sharp, biting, and severe criticism. Focuses on the harshness of the words.
I was hurt by his vicious words.
Describing something like a storm, wind, or cycle that is extremely intense and destructive.
The English phrase 'vicious cycle' is a fixed expression. Do not translate it word-for-word as 残忍な循環 or similar. Use the set phrase 悪循環 (あくじゅんかん).
残忍 (ざんにん) is for cruel, brutal acts by people. 狂暴 (きょうぼう) is for aggressive, dangerous animals. 悪質 (あくしつ) is for malicious, harmful words or actions. Choose based on the target of the viciousness.
Literally 'poisonous', used for venomous, spiteful language. Strongly negative.
To say vicious insults.
激しい風が吹いている。
A vicious wind is blowing.
Literally 'vicious cycle/circle'. A set phrase for a self-reinforcing negative situation.
They are trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and disease.