also: られる
れる · ichidan verb
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | れる | れない |
| Polite | れます | れません |
| Past polite | れました | れませんでした |
| Past | れた | れなかった |
| Te-form | れて | れないで |
| Desire | れたい | れたくない |
| Potential | れられるalso れれる | れられないalso れれない |
| Passive | れられる | れられない |
| Causative | れさせる | れさせない |
| Causative passive | れさせられる | れさせられない |
| Volitional | れよう | |
| Polite volitional | れましょう | |
| Imperative | れろ | れるな |
| Conditional | れれば | れなければ |
| Tara conditional | れたら | れなかったら |
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
passive voice; suffering passive
Marks the subject as receiving the action, often with a nuance of being adversely affected (suffering passive). Attaches to the -nai stem of godan verbs (～れる) and ichidan/kuru verbs (～られる). For suru verbs, される is used.
See also: 迷惑の受け身 (めいわくのうけみ)
My cake got eaten by my little brother (to my annoyance).
I was praised by the teacher.
I got rained on and caught a cold.
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
potential form
Expresses ability or possibility. In modern Japanese, godan verbs use the potential form (e.g., 書ける) rather than ～れる; ～れる for potential is archaic or dialectal for godan verbs. Ichidan verbs and kuru use ～られる. No imperative form.
See also: 可能動詞 (かのうどうし)
This fish can be eaten raw.
He can speak English. (Note: godan verb 話す uses potential form 話せる, not 話される)
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
spontaneous occurrence
Indicates that something happens naturally or without the subject's volition, often used with verbs of thinking or feeling. No imperative form.
I am reminded of my hometown (it comes to mind spontaneously).
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
honorific (sonkeigo)
Used to show respect for the subject of the action. Common in formal speech. No imperative form.
The company president will attend the meeting. (honorific)
This fish can be eaten raw.
He is generally thought to be an honest person.
The president has already gone home (respectful).
Basic form used with godan verbs and the irregular verb する (as される).
Basic form used with ichidan verbs and the irregular verb 来る (as こられる). Also used with する in the form せられる (rare).
Derived from classical auxiliary verbs る and らる, which expressed passive, potential, spontaneous, and honorific meanings. The modern forms れる and られる developed through regular sound changes.