noun
Official count of a population, typically conducted by a government.
来年、国勢調査として人口調査が行われます。
A census will be conducted next year as a national population survey.
国勢調査 specifically refers to the national census conducted by the Japanese government every five years, while 人口調査 is a more general term for any population survey or census.
Compound of 人口 (population) and 調査 (survey, investigation).