Refers to a male sponsor at a Christian baptism or confirmation; also used more broadly for a mentor or patron in a non-religious context.
He is my godfather from my baptism.
Church Father
Specifically refers to the early Christian theologians and writers whose works are considered foundational to Christian doctrine.
He is like a godfather to young artists.
Augustine is one of the important Church Fathers.
From 教 (teaching, religion) + 父 (father). The term is used in Christian contexts to translate 'godfather' and 'Church Father'.