苦行する · noun or participle which takes 'suru'
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 苦行する | 苦行しない |
| Polite | 苦行します | 苦行しません |
| Past polite | 苦行しました | 苦行しませんでした |
| Past | 苦行した | 苦行しなかった |
| Te-form | 苦行して | 苦行しないで |
| Desire | 苦行したい | 苦行したくない |
| Potential | 苦行できる | 苦行できない |
| Passive | 苦行される | 苦行されない |
| Causative | 苦行させる | 苦行させない |
| Causative passive | 苦行させられる | 苦行させられない |
| Volitional | 苦行しよう | |
| Polite volitional | 苦行しましょう | |
| Imperative | 苦行しろ | 苦行するな |
| Conditional | 苦行すれば | 苦行しなければ |
| Tara conditional | 苦行したら | 苦行しなかったら |
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
ascetic practice; penance; mortification
Primarily a religious term for severe self-discipline or physical hardship undertaken for spiritual purification. Often used in Buddhist contexts.
He continued ascetic practices in the mountains to attain enlightenment.
Fasting is a form of penance.
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
hardship; ordeal; strenuous task
Figurative extension: any extremely difficult or painful undertaking, often used hyperbolically for grueling work or experiences.
This job is like an ordeal.
Running every morning is tantamount to a hardship for him.