煤払い
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Meanings
1
housecleaning; cleaning dust and soot from rooms
General cleaning of a house, especially removing dust and soot. Can be used for ordinary cleaning, not only the year-end tradition.
We did a thorough housecleaning at the end of the year.
Cleaning soot and dust in an old house is hard work.
2
year-end big house cleaning; traditional December 13th cleaning
Specifically refers to the traditional Japanese custom of a major house cleaning done on December 13th (or around that time) to welcome the New Year. Often associated with preparing for the New Year deities.
See also: 煤掃き
In Japan, December 13th is sometimes called 'Susuharai Day'.
In the old days, people started preparing for the New Year after doing the susuharai cleaning.