externality; externalities
Economic term for a cost or benefit that affects a third party not directly involved in a transaction. Often used in contexts like environmental economics.
Pollution is a typical example of a negative externality.
Education is thought to have positive externalities.
negative externalities
Compound of 外部 (がいぶ, 'outside, external') and 性 (せい, '-ness, nature'), likely a calque of English 'externality'.