Related words こつこつ A common, everyday onomatopoeic adverb for steady, diligent effort. 孜々として is much more formal and literary.
せっせと A casual adverb meaning busily or diligently. 孜々として carries a heavier, more serious tone.
Written forms 孜し 々し として
Literary kanji spelling; the character 孜 is uncommon and may not be recognized by many readers.
孜し 孜し として
Variant with repeated kanji; equally rare and literary.
Etymology The kanji 孜 means 'industrious' or 'diligent'. The phrase is a classical Chinese-derived expression (孜孜として ) used in literary Japanese. The exact historical derivation is uncertain, but it follows the pattern of reduplicated kanji adverbs.
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