すくむ · godan verb (-mu)
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | すくむ | すくまない |
| Polite | すくみます | すくみません |
| Past polite | すくみました | すくみませんでした |
| Past | すくんだ | すくまなかった |
| Te-form | すくんで | すくまないで |
| Desire | すくみたい | すくみたくない |
| Potential | すくめる | すくめない |
| Passive | すくまれる | すくまれない |
| Causative | すくませる | すくませない |
| Causative passive | すくませられるalso すくまされる | すくませられないalso すくまされない |
| Volitional | すくもう | |
| Polite volitional | すくみましょう | |
| Imperative | すくめ | すくむな |
| Conditional | すくめば | すくまなければ |
| Tara conditional | すくんだら | すくまなかったら |
godan verb (-mu), intransitive verb
freeze; be paralyzed; be unable to move
Describes a sudden involuntary physical reaction to strong emotion such as fear, shock, or horror. Often used with 怖くて, 驚いて, or similar expressions.
I was so terrified that I froze on the spot.
The cat froze and couldn't move at the sudden loud noise.
godan verb (-mu), intransitive verb
cower; shrink back; shrink in on oneself
Emphasizes a shrinking or cowering posture, often from fear or intimidation. Can be used for both physical and psychological withdrawal.
He cowered and shrank back when his boss yelled at him.
The dog cowered and hid in the corner after being scolded.