psychosurgery
Medical term for surgical procedures on the brain intended to treat severe mental disorders. Historically associated with lobotomy; modern use is rare and highly regulated.
Psychosurgery has been discussed as one treatment method for severe mental illness.
ロボトミー refers specifically to lobotomy, a historical form of psychosurgery. 精神外科 is the broader medical category.
脳外科 is general brain surgery, while 精神外科 specifically targets mental disorders through brain surgery.
Compound of 精神 (mind, psyche) and 外科 (surgery). A direct calque of English 'psychosurgery'.