JLPT N2Papers, reportsDetached

と考かんがえられるit is thought; it can be concluded

How a paper or a report says "I conclude": "it is thought that", "it seems reasonable to conclude". The thinking is the writer's own, set down without an "I".

以い上じょうの条じょう件けんから、主おもな原げん因いんは設せつ備びの老ろう朽きゅう化かだと考かんがえられる。

From the conditions above, the main cause is thought to be the aging of the equipment.

How to form it

Plain form + と考かんがえられる

A noun or a な-adjective takes だ, or である in a paper; after a noun it is often dropped: 原げん因いんと考かんがえられる. In a presentation, と考かんがえられます.

Before it: The conclusion. The grounds come earlier, often with ことから or ため.
How sure: Likely on this evidence, but not proved.
Where you'll meet it: Papers, reports, theses, analysis in the news. In conversation people say と思おもいます.

In use

調ちょう査さした三さん地ち点てんすべてで同おなじ傾けい向こうが確かく認にんされたことから、この変へん化かは一いち時じ的てきなものではないと考かんがえられる。

The same tendency was confirmed at all three sites surveyed, so it seems reasonable to conclude that this change is not temporary.

利り用よう者しゃの八はち割わりが同おなじ機き能のうを挙あげているため、その機き能のうが最もっとも重じゅう要ようだと考かんがえられる。

Eighty percent of users named the same feature, so it can be considered the most important one.

In a report, this is "I think"

In a report or a thesis, 私わたしは…と思おもいます reads as a personal impression.

障しょう害がいの原げん因いんは設せっ定ていミスだと思おもいます。

I think the failure was caused by a configuration error.

Said in a meeting.

障しょう害がいの原げん因いんは設せっ定ていミスだと考かんがえられる。

The failure is thought to have been caused by a configuration error.

Written in the report.

Not "people think"

English "it is thought that" can also mean that people in general think so. For a view people already hold, Japanese adds ている.

三さん年ねん間かん、利り用よう者しゃが増ふえ続つづけており、この傾けい向こうは今こん後ごも続つづくと考かんがえられる。

User numbers have risen for three years running, so the trend can be expected to continue.

The writer's conclusion, from the figures just given.

一いっ般ぱんに、この地ち域いきの人じん口こう減げん少しょうは今こん後ごも続つづくと考かんがえられている。

It is generally thought that the population decline in this region will continue.

Already held. The writer is passing it on.

と思おもわれる and とみられる

	Where, and what it says
と考かんがえられる	Papers and reports. A conclusion reasoned from evidence.
と思おもわれる	The same writing, and careful speech. Softer: how things seem to the writer.
とみられる	The news. How things look so far, before anyone has confirmed them.

今こん後ご、同おなじ問もん題だいが起おこる可か能のう性せいは低ひくいと思おもわれる。

It seems unlikely that the same problem will occur again.

この事じ故こで、少すくなくとも十じゅう人にんがけがをしたとみられる。

At least ten people are believed to have been injured in the accident.

Close neighbours

と考えられているN3

With ている: a view that experts or people in general already hold.

研けん究きゅう者しゃの間あいだでは、水すい位いの低てい下かが鳥とりの数かずに影えい響きょうすると考かんがえられている。

Among researchers, falling water levels are thought to affect the number of birds.

Check yourself

1Who thinks so?

この建たて物ものは江え戸ど時じ代だいに建たてられたものだと考かんがえられる。

Choose an answer to see why.

2You are writing up an experiment. Which sentence goes in the report?

Choose an answer to see why.

More detail

A negative conclusion keeps ない inside: 効こう果かはないと考かんがえられる. とは考かんがえられない is far stronger: "it is hard to believe that".

これほどの差さが偶ぐう然ぜんだとは考かんがえられない。

It is hard to believe that a difference this large is a coincidence.

More sentences

対たい照しょう群ぐんとの差さがほとんど見みられなかったことから、この処しょ置ちには大おおきな効こう果かがないと考かんがえられる。

Almost no difference from the control group was observed, which suggests that this treatment has no great effect.

三みっつの迂う回かい路ろでも渋じゅう滞たいが発はっ生せいしているため、到とう着ちゃくの遅おくれは避さけられないと考かんがえられる。

There is congestion on all three detour routes as well, so a late arrival appears unavoidable.

地ち層そうの乱みだれがこの地ち点てんだけに集しゅう中ちゅうしていることから、局きょく地ち的てきな地じ滑すべりが起おきたと考かんがえられる。

The disturbance in the strata is concentrated at this one spot, which suggests that a local landslide occurred.

毎まい回かい、気き温おんが下さがった翌よく日じつに暖だん房ぼう器き具ぐの注ちゅう文もんが増ふえているため、この商しょう品ひんの需じゅ要ようは気き温おんの影えい響きょうを受うけると考かんがえられる。

Orders for heaters rise the day after every drop in temperature, so demand for this product appears to depend on the temperature.