JLPT N2 grammar
The connectors and set phrases of newspapers, essays and the office. Many are written forms with an everyday twin you already know.
180 grammar points · 33 comparisons
Asking, offering and politeness7 grammar points
Wanting, may and must14 grammar points
Compare"Have to", "must" and "should"Giving orders and saying "don't""Have no choice but to" and "can't not"
- ようになっているmade to work so that
- がたいhard to (believe, forgive, forget)Written
- かねるcannot (a polite refusal)Formal
- ざるを得ないhave no choice but toWritten
- よりほかない・
より仕方がないnothing for it but to - ねばならないmust (written)Written
- てはいられない・
てばかりはいられないcan't go on …ing - ずに済む・
ないで済む・ なくて済むget by without having to - (よ)うか~まいかwhether to or not
- たことにするcount as done; pretend it didn't happen
- ないではいられない・
ずにはいられないcan't help …ing - てはならないmust not (formal)Written
- たまえdo it (an old-fashioned order)Literary
- やむを得ない・
やむを得ずunavoidable; having no choiceWritten
Time and sequence25 grammar points
CompareAbout to, in the middle of, just didWhen, while, before, afterWays to say "as soon as""As …" and "the more …, the more …"
- 際(に)when; on the occasion ofFormal
- に際してon the occasion ofFormal
- にあたって・
にあたりon setting out to doFormal - かと思うと・
かと思ったらno sooner … than; just when - 矢先に・
矢先のjust as (I was about to) - か~ないかのうちにhad barely … when; almost before
- つつあるis in the middle of changingWritten
- 上でafter doing; in doingWritten
- 次第as soon as; depends on; which is whyFormal
- て以来・
てこのかたever since - 途中に・
途中でon the way; partway through - がけにon the way; just as leaving
- に先立って・
に先立ちbefore, ahead ofFormal - がきっかけで・
をきっかけに・ を契機に(して)what started it; prompted byWritten - たてfreshly made; fresh from
- ぶり・
っぷりfor the first time in; the way someone does it - 末(に)after much …; in the endWritten
- あげく(に)after all that, a bad end
- ずじまいだnever got around to; never did
- にしたがってas … changes; following (a rule)Written
- に伴って・
に伴いalong with; as a consequence ofWritten - につけwhenever; whether … or …
- たところwhen I did, I found
- ~ては~てはA then B, over and over
- 一方だkeeps rising, falling or getting worseWritten
Reasons and purposes5 grammar points
CompareWays to say "because" beyond から and ので
- あまり・
あまりの~にso … that - ことだしsince …, for one thing
- のことだからknowing him; knowing her
- だけにprecisely because; all the more
- からには・
以上(は)・ 上はnow that; given that
If, but and even though16 grammar points
CompareWays to say "but""Not until" and "can't … without""Supposing", "if I were" and "if only"Ways to say "although" beyond のに and けどWays to say "even if" beyond ても
- どころかfar from; not just; let alone
- にもかかわらずdespite; in spite ofWritten
- もののalthough; but (in writing)Written
- ながら(も)although; despiteWritten
- といってもit's …, but not much of one
- からといってjust because (doesn't mean)
- ようでは・
ようじゃif it's like that, no hope - となったら・
となれば・ となるとif it actually comes to - ものなら・
(よ)うものならif I only could; if you so much as… - ないことにはunless … first; can't … without
- としても・
にしても・ にしろ・ にせよeven if; granting that - てこそonly by doing
- に反してcontrary to; againstWritten
- それなのにand yet
- ともeven if (in writing)Written
- ならともかくit would be one thing if
Only, also, even and lists30 grammar points
CompareWays to say "even"Ways to say "only""Whether or not", "no matter", "regardless of" and "never mind"Ways to say "not only"Going ahead in spite of something
- をはじめ(として)including; … and othersWritten
- からしてeven the …; judging from
- を中心にmainly; centered onWritten
- 限りas long as; as far as; as much as
- に限り・
に限ってonly for; of all timesFormal - に限らず・
に限ったことではないnot only; not unique to - のみならずnot only … but alsoWritten
- ばかりかnot only … but even
- はもとよりA, of course, and B tooWritten
- 上(に)on top of that
- に加えてin addition toWritten
- やらand what not; who knows
- にしても~にしても・
にしろ~にしろ・ にせよ~にせよwhether A or B - といったsuch asWritten
- か何かor somethingSpoken
- 家という家every single (house, shop, window)Written
- を問わずregardless ofWritten
- にかかわらず・
にかかわりなく・ によらずregardless of; whether or notWritten - もかまわずnot caring about
- として~ないnot a single oneWritten
- もしない・
もしないでdoesn't even; without even - にすぎないmerely; no more thanWritten
- でしかないnothing but; merelyWritten
- を除いてexcept for; excludingWritten
- 抜きwithout; leaving out
- 何から何までabsolutely everything
- 何より・
何といってもmore than anything; above all - のみonly (written)Written
- 及びand (written, formal)Formal
- だけ (やるだけやる)do what you can; try anyway
More, most and how much5 grammar points
- から~にかけてfrom … through to (roughly)
- にわたってover, across (a large span)Written
- といったら・
といったらないbeyond words; unbelievably …Spoken - ましだless bad; at least …
- なおさらall the more; even more so
Quoting, explaining and linking sentences21 grammar points
Compare"And", "also", "what's more"Said, called, meansWays to say "so" and "therefore"Or rather, in other words, in short
- というか・
といおうかor rather; I meanSpoken - はともかく(として)leaving aside; never mind
- はさておき・
はさておいてsetting aside for now - は別としてapart from; leaving aside
- とはX means…; to think that…Written
- のこととなるとwhen it comes to
- そういえばthat reminds me; come to think of itSpoken
- それにしてもeven so; all the same
- それならin that case; then
- したがってtherefore; consequentlyWritten
- ただし・
ただhowever; provided that; it's just thatWritten - それはそうとanyway; that asideSpoken
- 要するにin short; the point isWritten
- しかもwhat's more; and … at that
- なおplease note also; stillFormal
- さらにfurthermore; even more
- おまけにto top it all; to make matters worseSpoken
- ちなみにincidentally; for what it's worth
- と考えられるit is thought; it can be concludedWritten
- いわゆるwhat is known as; what people callWritten
- いわばso to speak; as it wereWritten
While, instead, about, as26 grammar points
Compare"According to", "in line with", "in accordance with""As", "for" and "to" a personWays to say "about"Ways to say "based on"
- つつ・
つつもwhile doing; althoughWritten - を~とする・
を~としたwith A as B; taking A as BWritten - に関して・
に関するconcerning; regarding (formal)Written - をめぐって・
をめぐり・ をめぐるover; surrounding (a disputed issue)Written - にかけてはunbeatable when it comes to
- に応えて・
に応えin response to (a request, a hope)Written - をもとに(して)based on; made fromWritten
- に基づいてbased on; in accordance withWritten
- に沿って・
に沿いalong; in line withWritten - のもとで・
のもとにunder (guidance, a system, conditions)Written - に応じて・
に応じaccording to (income, need); to suitWritten - を頼りにgoing by; relying on
- てまで・
までしてgoing so far as to - てでもeven if I have to
- ことなく・
ことなしにwithout ever doingWritten - にてat; by (written)Formal
- 上in terms of; for … reasonsFormal
- 中をthrough; in the midst ofWritten
- ままに・
がままにas you please; just as told - に向かって・
に向けてtoward, facing; aimed at - としてはfor my part; for a …
- に関わるto affect; to be involved inWritten
- を込めてputting feeling intoWritten
- にしたら・
にすれば・ にしてみればin someone's shoes; from their side - から見ると・
からすると・ から言うとfrom the standpoint of; judging from - (という)ふうにlike this; in such a way
Guessing, seeming and judging31 grammar points
CompareSaying how sure you areSaying what might happenWays to say "can't" and "no way"Not exactly, not necessarily, it's not that I don'tWays to say "tends to"
- どころではないno time for; out of the question
- ものかas if I would; no waySpoken
- というものではない・
というものでもないit's not simply the case that - ようがない・
ようもないthere is no way to - 得る・
得ないcan, cannot (in principle)Written - だけあって・
だけのことはあるas you'd expect from; worth it - に越したことはないit's best if; ideally
- にほかならないnothing other than; preciselyWritten
- に決まっているof course; it has to be
- とみえるit would seem; evidentlyWritten
- かねないmight well (something bad)Formal
- おそれがあるthere is a risk thatWritten
- まいwill not; probably notWritten
- というものだthat is what you'd call…
- ものがあるthere is something … about it
- 傾向があるtends to; shows a trendWritten
- げlooking …; with an air of
- に値するdeserve; be worthWritten
- てしかたがない・
てたまらない・ てならない・ てかなわないso … I can't stand it - たいものだ・
てほしいものだI'd love to; I do wish they would - ないもの(だろう)かisn't there some way to…?
- 甲斐がある・
甲斐がないworth the effort; all for nothing - も同然だas good as; practically
- ぬ・
ざるnot (the old ない)Literary - ところを見るとjudging from what you see
- ということはso that means…; which means…
- て当然だ・
のも当然だonly natural; of course - ことにはならないdoesn't count as; doesn't mean
- のなんのってyou wouldn't believe how …Spoken
- のももっともだunderstandable; with good reason
- ところがあるhas a … side; can be
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