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JLPT N2Written, formalRules and notices

にかかわらず・にかかわりなく・によらずregardless of; whether or not

Whichever way it goes, what follows stays the same: whatever the weather, whether you come or not. It is the "regardless of" of rules, notices and announcements.

After a noun

Noun + にかかわらず/にかかわりなく/によらず

You will also see に関かかわらず; newspapers and official writing keep the kana. にかかわりなく means the same. によらず is "not depending on", the negative of によって.

After a verb or a question

行いく行いかない/行いくかどうか + にかかわらず

A verb with its negative, both in the plain form. Also two opposites (多おおいか少すくないか), かどうか, or a question word with か (どこに住すんでいるか).

Everyday

Noun + に関かん係けいなく

Before it
A word that covers every case: 年ねん齢れい, 天てん候こう, 国こく籍せき, 経けい験けんの有う無む, 金きん額がくの大だい小しょう.
After it
What stays the same: a rule, a fee, a plan that goes ahead.
Where you'll meet it
Rules, notices, terms of service, announcements, the news.
With も
A different phrase: にもかかわらず is "despite".

In use

In conversation

In a chat all three can sound like a notice read aloud. With a verb people say ても~なくても.

After a noun, に関かん係けいなく is the everyday "regardless of": it makes no difference. In casual talk the に often drops: 年ねん齢れい関かん係けいなく.

Close neighbours

にもかかわらずN2

With も it is "despite". It follows one fact that things went against, not a word that covers every case.

を問わずN2

The same after a noun. It is the wording of job adverts and rules.

ても~なくてもN3

The everyday way to say it with a verb: do it or don't, nothing changes.

Check yourself

1Which one fits?

大おお雪ゆきが降ふった(  )、電でん車しゃは時じ間かんどおりに動うごいていた。

Choose an answer to see why.

2Which one fits?

ジムは、(  )にかかわらず、毎まい月つき会かい費ひがかかる。

Choose an answer to see why.

More detail

見みかけによらず is a set phrase with a meaning of its own: "you wouldn't think so to look at them".

More sentences