JLPT N2Writing and careful speech

に加くわえてin addition to

加くわえる is "to add", so A に加くわえて is "adding to A": in addition to A, there is B. It simply counts one more thing, with no surprise in it.

大おお雨あめに加くわえて、風かぜも強つよくなってきた。

In addition to the heavy rain, the wind has been picking up too.

原げん材ざい料りょう費ひに加くわえて、輸ゆ送そう費ひも上じょう昇しょうしている。

In addition to raw material costs, transportation costs are rising too.

After a noun

Noun + に加くわえて

B usually takes も. In news and reports the て often drops: 大おお雨あめに加くわえ.

After a verb or an adjective

Plain form + のに加くわえて

の comes first: 減へったのに加くわえて. A な-adjective keeps な: 簡かん単たんなのに加くわえて.

Opening a sentence

Sentence。それに加くわえて、+ one more thing

It can't stand first by itself, so a new sentence starts with それに加くわえて, "in addition to that".

Before it: What is already there: a cost, a problem, a cause, a document.
After it: One more of the same kind.
Where you'll meet it: News and weather reports, business, explanations, and speech when someone is setting things out with care.

In use

今こん月げつは家や賃ちんに加くわえて、車くるまの修しゅう理り代だいも払はらわなければならない。

This month, in addition to the rent, I have to pay for car repairs as well.

新しん制せい度どでは申しん請せい書しょに加くわえて、本ほん人にん確かく認にん書しょ類るいの提てい出しゅつが必ひつ要ようです。

Under the new system, you need to submit proof of identity in addition to the application form.

昨さく年ねんは来らい客きゃく数すうが減へったのに加くわえて、客きゃく単たん価かも下さがった。

Last year, in addition to fewer customers coming in, the average spend per customer fell too.

大おお雨あめに加くわえ、強きょう風ふうも予よ想そうされている。

In addition to heavy rain, strong winds are forecast.

先せん月げつから電でん気き代だいが上あがった。それに加くわえて、来らい月げつはガス代だいも上あがるそうだ。

Electricity has cost more since last month. In addition, I hear gas is going up next month too.

Close neighbours

だけでなくN4

The usual "not only A but also B". In conversation people mostly say だけじゃなくて.

田た中なかさんは英えい語ごだけじゃなくて、中ちゅう国ごく語ごも話はなせるんですよ。

Tanaka speaks Chinese too, you know, not just English.

上うえ（に）N2

The same piling up after a verb or an adjective, with no の: 安やすい上うえに.

この店みせは安やすい上うえに、おいしい。

This place is cheap, and on top of that, the food is good.

のみならずN2

The だけでなく of formal writing: reports, papers, prepared speeches.

本ほん製せい品ひんは国こく内ないのみならず、海かい外がいでも高たかい評ひょう価かを得えている。

This product is highly regarded not only at home but also overseas.

ばかりかN2

"Not only A but even B": B is more surprising or more extreme, good or bad. No request can follow.

彼かれは英えい語ごばかりか、中ちゅう国ごく語ごまで話はなせる。

He can speak not only English but even Chinese.

はもとよりN2

"A, of course, and B too": A goes without saying. For formal writing and speeches.

本ほん規き則そくは正せい社しゃ員いんはもとより、契けい約やく社しゃ員いんにも適てき用ようされる。

These rules apply to permanent employees, of course, and to contract employees as well.

Check yourself

1Which one fits?

今日きょうは雨あめが強つよい（　　）、風かぜも出でてきた。

Choose an answer to see why.

2Which one fits?

申もうし込こみには写しゃ真しんが必ひつ要ようです。（　　）、身み分ぶん証しょう明めい書しょのコピーも提てい出しゅつしてください。

Choose an answer to see why.

More sentences

人じん件けん費ひの上じょう昇しょうに加くわえて、原げん材ざい料りょうの不ふ足そくも問もん題だいとなっている。

In addition to rising labor costs, shortages of raw materials have also become a problem.

人ひと手で不ぶ足そくに加くわえて、設せつ備びの老ろう朽きゅう化かも問もん題だいになっている。

In addition to the labor shortage, aging equipment has also become a problem.

この装そう置ちは操そう作さが簡かん単たんなのに加くわえて、保ほ守しゅ費ひ用ようも低ひくい。

In addition to being easy to operate, this device is cheap to maintain.

台たい風ふうの接せっ近きんに加くわえ、満まん潮ちょうの時じ間かんも重かさなる見み込こみだ。

In addition to the approaching typhoon, high tide is expected to come at the same time.

Compared with similar forms

Ways to say "not only"