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JLPT N2Duty and resolveThree levels of stiffness

からには・以い上じょう(は)・上うえはnow that; given that

Something is settled: you made a promise, took the job. These three turn it into what has to follow: "now that …, I will", "since you …, you must". What follows is a duty, a resolve, a demand or a firm conclusion, not a plain result.

からには

Plain form + からには

約やく束そくしたからには, やるからには. A noun or a な-adjective takes である: 学がく生せいであるからには.

以上(は)

Plain form + 以い上じょう(は)

約やく束そくした以い上じょう, できない以い上じょうは, 学がく生せいである以い上じょう. The は is optional.

上は

Verb in the た-form + 上うえは

Read うえ. Usually after a た-form: 決きめた上うえは, こうなった上うえは. A dictionary form is possible but rare.

One meaning, three weights

Now that I have taken it on, I will see it through.

The usual one, in speech and in writing.

Now that I have taken it on, I will see it through.

Firmer and more formal: a matter of principle.

Now that I have taken it on, I will see it through.

Stiff and solemn, like a vow. Mostly written.

A duty follows, not a result

The second half says what the fact commits someone to: "I will", "I want to", "you must", "please", "there is no choice but". Or what it proves: "it must be so". What simply happened next takes から or ので.

Not said: 日本にほんに来きたからには、日本にほん語ごが上手じょうずになった。

(Because I came to Japan, my Japanese got better.)

日本にほんに来きたので.

からには

Most at home with your own resolve, and with holding people to their word. When the doing is still ahead, it is "if you're going to …".

以い上じょう(は)

It argues from the fact: this being so, that has to follow. Reasoned argument uses it, written or spoken, and so does anyone holding someone to a contract, a rule or a promise. It takes a negative easily: "as long as we can't …".

上うえは

For a decision already made or a point of no return, said with a sense of occasion: speeches, formal statements, period dramas. Among friends it sounds theatrical. こうなった上うえは is the phrase you'll meet most.

Close neighbours

た-form + 上うえでN2

"After doing, and on that basis". A next step follows, not a duty.

のだから・んだからN3

The everyday way to press the same point on someone: you both know the fact, so…

からこそN3

"Precisely because": it singles out why something is so. からには looks ahead to what must be done.

手て前まえN1

"Having promised, I can't very well…": it is about how backing out would look to others. With からには nobody need be watching.

Check yourself

1Which one fits?

雨あめが強つよくなった(  )、試し合あいは中ちゅう止しになった。

Choose an answer to see why.

2What does this mean?

学がく生せいである以い上じょう、勉べん強きょうが第だい一いちだ。

Choose an answer to see why.

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