及びand (written, formal)
及び is the "and" of contracts, laws, forms and manuals. Like と, it joins nouns and names every item on the list. In conversation, "and" is と.
Please enter your name and contact information on the application form.
The device records temperature, humidity, and air pressure every minute.
How to form it
Noun + 及び + noun
With three or more items, commas come first and 及び goes once, before the last: A、B及びC. It is often written in kana: 氏名および住所.
- Before and after
- Nouns or noun phrases of the same kind: 氏名及び住所, 設置及び保守.
- Tone
- Exact and impersonal.
- Where you'll meet it
- Contracts, terms of use, laws, application forms, manuals, reports. Out loud, when such a text is read out or in a formal speech.
In use
It is open to students, faculty and staff.
The application requires proof of identity and a document proving your address.
Installation and maintenance of the equipment are performed by certified technicians.
In a contract: 及び and 並びに
Legal writing has a second "and", 並びに. When a list has a group inside it, 及び joins the items of the smaller group and 並びに joins the larger ones.
The national government and local public bodies, together with designated research institutions, shall submit the materials required for this survey.
国 and 地方公共団体 are one group. 指定研究機関 is added to it.
"Or" has two levels too: もしくは inside the smaller group, または between the larger ones. Legal texts write them in kanji: 若しくは, 又は. A list with one level takes plain 及び or または.
Close neighbours
とN5
The everyday "and" between nouns, and the one people say. It names every item too.
It's open to students, faculty and staff.
やN5
An open list: these are examples, and there may be others.
It is open to students, faculty, staff and others.
Check yourself
1You are telling a friend what you bought. Which sounds natural?
Choose an answer to see why.
2A notice says this. Who can take part?
対象は
Choose an answer to see why.
More sentences
Applications require practical experience and the specified qualification.
Please include the research method, analysis results, and future issues in the report.
This service is available in Japan and in certain overseas regions.
The committee reviewed the product's safety and effectiveness.