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JLPT N2Written, formal

及およびand (written, formal)

及および is the "and" of contracts, laws, forms and manuals. Like と, it joins nouns and names every item on the list. In conversation, "and" is と.

How to form it

Noun + 及および + noun

With three or more items, commas come first and 及および goes once, before the last: A、B及およびC. It is often written in kana: 氏し名めいおよび住じゅう所しょ.

Before and after
Nouns or noun phrases of the same kind: 氏し名めい及および住じゅう所しょ, 設せっ置ち及および保ほ守しゅ.
Tone
Exact and impersonal.
Where you'll meet it
Contracts, terms of use, laws, application forms, manuals, reports. Out loud, when such a text is read out or in a formal speech.

In use

In a contract: 及および and 並ならびに

Legal writing has a second "and", 並ならびに. When a list has a group inside it, 及および joins the items of the smaller group and 並ならびに joins the larger ones.

The national government and local public bodies, together with designated research institutions, shall submit the materials required for this survey.

国くに and 地ち方ほう公こう共きょう団だん体たい are one group. 指し定てい研けん究きゅう機き関かん is added to it.

"Or" has two levels too: もしくは inside the smaller group, または between the larger ones. Legal texts write them in kanji: 若もしくは, 又または. A list with one level takes plain 及および or または.

Close neighbours

とN5

The everyday "and" between nouns, and the one people say. It names every item too.

やN5

An open list: these are examples, and there may be others.

Check yourself

1You are telling a friend what you bought. Which sounds natural?

Choose an answer to see why.

2A notice says this. Who can take part?

対たい象しょうは小しょう学がく生せい及および中ちゅう学がく生せいです。

Choose an answer to see why.

More sentences

及び (oyobi) – and (written, formal)