及びFormal and
及び formally joins nouns or noun phrases meaning “and.” It is used mainly in official, legal, academic, and technical writing, where the listed members are presented as included items rather than as mere examples.
Included members of a formal list
Use this connector when a document formally identifies the people, objects, requirements, or categories that belong in a list. In a list of three or more items, place it immediately before the final item.
Official and technical lists
List hierarchy in legal drafting
Legal documents may need to show which items form a subgroup. By convention, 及び joins items within the smaller group, while 並びに joins that group to another group. Ordinary formal prose does not always maintain this distinction as strictly.
A nested legal-style list
国及び地方公共団体並びに指定研究機関は、本調査に必要な資料を提出するものとする。
The national government and local public bodies, together with designated research institutions, shall submit the materials required for this survey.
AnalyzeThe national government and local public bodies form the lower-level pair; designated research institutions are joined as a separate group.
Included categories versus representative examples
及び formally coordinates the categories presented in the document. By contrast, や gives representative examples and leaves open the possibility of other members.
対象者は、学生及び教職員です。
The eligible categories are students and faculty and staff.
AnalyzeThe two categories are formally presented as the included categories.
対象者は、学生や教職員です。
Eligible people include students and faculty and staff.
AnalyzeThis is a non-exhaustive example list, so other eligible groups may exist.
More examples
応募には、実務経験及び所定の資格が必要です。
Applications require practical experience and the specified qualification.
Analyze報告書には、調査方法、分析結果及び今後の課題を記載してください。
Please include the research method, analysis results, and future issues in the report.
Analyze本サービスは、日本国内及び一部の海外地域で利用できます。
This service is available in Japan and in certain overseas regions.
Analyze申込書に氏名及び連絡先を記入してください。
Please enter your name and contact information on the application form.
Analyze委員会は製品の安全性及び有効性を審査しました。
The committee reviewed the product's safety and effectiveness.
Analyze機器の設置及び保守は、認定技術者が行います。
Installation and maintenance of the equipment are performed by certified technicians.
Analyze