ある・ いるthere is; to have
Japanese uses two verbs where English uses "there is" and "have". いる is for people and animals. ある is for everything else.
There is a dictionary on the desk.
There is a cat in the yard.
| ある (things) | いる (people, animals) | |
|---|---|---|
| is | ある | いる |
| isn't | ない・ありません | いない |
| was | あった | いた |
| wasn't | なかった・ありませんでした | いなかった |
The negative of ある is ない. There is no あらない.
Saying what is somewhere
place に + thing が + ある/いる
There is a convenience store near the station.
There are children in the park.
What is in the kitchen?
There is a refrigerator.
Saying where something is
thing は + place に + ある/いる
When you both already know which thing you mean, start with it and mark it with は.
There is a key on the desk.
You are saying what is on the desk.
The key is on the desk.
You both know the key. You are saying where it is.
So a question about where something is gets the second shape back:
Where is Mina?
She is in the meeting room.
They also mean "have"
Time, money, plans, questions: you have them with ある. Brothers, sisters, children, friends, pets: you have them with いる.
Do you have time after the meeting?
I don't have any money today.
I have two older brothers.
We have a dog.
And "there is a … on"
Things that take place use ある too: a test, a meeting, a party, a festival.
There is a test on Monday.
One catch. The place where it happens takes で, not に.
There is a bench in the park.
A bench sits in the park.
There is a festival in the park.
A festival happens there.
Which one? Things people ask
A handy test: if it moves by itself, いる.
There is a large tree in the garden.
Plants are alive, but they stay put: ある.
Oh, there's a taxi!
A taxi or bus with a driver comes and goes, so people often say いる.
Check yourself
1Which one fits?
教室に
Choose an answer to see why.
2"Do you have time tomorrow?"
明日、
Choose an answer to see why.
3Which particle?
体育館
Choose an answer to see why.
More sentences
There is a cup inside the cabinet.
There are no students in the classroom.
There used to be an old bridge here.
Where is the post office?
The cat is in the garden.