Kotomora
JLPT N5Particle
Furigana

Closed-list and

joins nouns into a complete list: “A and B.” It presents the named items as the full set intended in that context.

A complete list

Use when the nouns together make up the complete list relevant to the sentence. “Complete” depends on the context: it means that the speaker is not deliberately leaving additional members unstated.

ものみずとおちゃです。

The drinks are water and tea.

Analyze

In this context, water and tea are presented as the available drinks.

The list acts as one unit

After the nouns have been joined, the entire list can be the subject, object, possession, or another noun phrase in the sentence. A particle such as , , or therefore comes after the final noun.

わたしりんごとバナナいました。

I bought apples and bananas.

Analyze

follows the completed list because both items are objects of the verb.

Longer lists

メニューは、カレーとサラダとスープです。

The menu consists of curry, salad, and soup.

Analyze

appears between each member of this three-item list.

Complete lists and representative examples

gives a closed list. By contrast, names representative examples and suggests that other items may also belong to the list.

ひつようものは、えんぴつしゴムです。

The required items are a pencil and an eraser.

Analyze

These are presented as the complete set of required items.

えんそくには、えんぴつしゴムってきてください。

Please bring things such as a pencil and an eraser on the field trip.

Analyze

makes these examples rather than a complete packing list.

More examples

今日きょうちょうしょくパンとたまごです。

Today's breakfast is bread and eggs.

Analyze

かばんにさいかぎれました。

I put my wallet and keys in the bag.

Analyze

みせていきゅうげつようようです。

The store is closed on Mondays and Tuesdays.

Analyze

おうひつようしょるいは、もうしこみしょぶんしょうめいしょです。

The documents required for the application are an application form and identification.

Analyze

ポスターにはあかしろ使つかってください。

Please use red and white for the poster.

Analyze

はこなかさらとコップだけです。

The box contains only plates and cups.

Analyze
と (to) – Closed-list and