Translation guide
The English phrase "by extension" is used to indicate that a statement logically applies to a broader set based on a previous point. In Japanese, this is expressed through various conjunctions and adverbial phrases that convey logical extension, implication, or broadening of scope.
To indicate that something is also true or applicable in a broader sense, based on a previous statement.
A formal conjunction meaning 'consequently' or 'by extension', often used to show that a result extends to a wider context.
この政策は経済に悪影響を与え、延いては国民全体の生活水準を下げるだろう。
This policy will negatively affect the economy, and by extension, lower the standard of living for all citizens.
The kana version of 延いては, used in less formal writing but still somewhat literary.
彼の失言は会社の評判を落とし、ひいては株価にも影響した。
His gaffe damaged the company's reputation, and by extension, affected the stock price.
A more emphatic pattern meaning 'extends even to...', used in formal contexts.
環境破壊は地域社会を脅かし、ひいては地球全体の生態系にまで及ぶ問題だ。
Environmental destruction threatens local communities, and by extension, extends to the entire global ecosystem.
To suggest that a statement implies a further, often unstated, conclusion.
A common spoken phrase meaning 'which means' or 'that is to say', used to draw a logical conclusion.
彼はまだ来ていない。ということは、遅れるということだ。
He hasn't arrived yet. By extension, that means he'll be late.
A formal conjunction meaning 'namely' or 'that is', often used to rephrase or extend a point.
A casual conjunction meaning 'in other words' or 'that is', used to summarize or extend logically.
To indicate that a concept applies more widely than the immediate context.
Literally 'broadly speaking', used to extend a statement to a wider category.
この規則は学生に適用される。ひろく言えば、学校関係者全員に適用される。
This rule applies to students. By extension, it applies to all school personnel.
Meaning 'furthermore' or 'moreover', often used to add an extended implication.
この技術は医療を変えた。さらには、社会全体を変える可能性がある。
This technology has changed medicine. By extension, it has the potential to change society as a whole.
A pattern using ひいては with も to emphasize inclusion of a broader element.
この問題は我々の部署だけでなく、ひいては会社全体の問題でもある。
This problem is not just for our department; by extension, it's a problem for the entire company.
Do not translate 'by extension' word-for-word as 拡張によって or similar. These sound unnatural and do not convey the logical connection.
延いては/ひいては is formal and often written. ということは and つまり are common in spoken Japanese. Choose based on context.
彼は無罪となった。すなわち、自由の身だ。
He was found not guilty. By extension, he is a free man.
彼はベジタリアンだ。つまり、肉は食べない。
He's a vegetarian. By extension, he doesn't eat meat.