Translation guide
The English phrase "by extension" is used to indicate that a statement logically applies to a broader set based on a previous point. In Japanese, this is expressed through various conjunctions and adverbial phrases that convey logical extension, implication, or broadening of scope.
To indicate that something is also true or applicable in a broader sense, based on a previous statement.
A formal conjunction meaning 'consequently' or 'by extension', often used to show that a result extends to a wider context.
To suggest that a statement implies a further, often unstated, conclusion.
To indicate that a concept applies more widely than the immediate context.
Literally 'broadly speaking', used to extend a statement to a wider category.
Do not translate 'by extension' word-for-word as 拡張によって or similar. These sound unnatural and do not convey the logical connection.
延いては/ひいては is formal and often written. ということは and つまり are common in spoken Japanese. Choose based on context.
この政策は経済に悪影響を与え、延いては国民全体の生活水準を下げるだろう。
This policy will negatively affect the economy, and by extension, lower the standard of living for all citizens.
The kana version of 延いては, used in less formal writing but still somewhat literary.
His gaffe damaged the company's reputation, and by extension, affected the stock price.
A more emphatic pattern meaning 'extends even to...', used in formal contexts.
Environmental destruction threatens local communities, and by extension, extends to the entire global ecosystem.
A common spoken phrase meaning 'which means' or 'that is to say', used to draw a logical conclusion.
He hasn't arrived yet. By extension, that means he'll be late.
A formal conjunction meaning 'namely' or 'that is', often used to rephrase or extend a point.
He was found not guilty. By extension, he is a free man.
A casual conjunction meaning 'in other words' or 'that is', used to summarize or extend logically.
He's a vegetarian. By extension, he doesn't eat meat.
This rule applies to students. By extension, it applies to all school personnel.
Meaning 'furthermore' or 'moreover', often used to add an extended implication.
This technology has changed medicine. By extension, it has the potential to change society as a whole.
A pattern using ひいては with も to emphasize inclusion of a broader element.
This problem is not just for our department; by extension, it's a problem for the entire company.