Translation guide
The English verb 'confuse' covers several distinct situations: mixing up two things, causing someone to be puzzled, making something unclear, and feeling disoriented. Japanese uses different verbs and expressions for each.
To mix up two people or things, or to fail to distinguish between them.
The most common and versatile verb for mistaking one thing for another. Often used in the pattern AをBと間違える (mistake A for B).
I confused him with his younger brother.
More formal, often used for abstract concepts or categories. Implies a failure to distinguish clearly.
You must not confuse freedom with selfishness.
To make someone feel bewildered, perplexed, or mentally unclear.
The causative form of 混乱する (to be confused). Used when a person or situation causes confusion.
To obscure, complicate, or muddle an issue.
Also used for making a situation confusing. The subject is often an action or statement.
To experience confusion oneself.
The most common intransitive verb for being confused. Can refer to mental confusion or a chaotic situation.
混乱する is general confusion (mental or situational). 戸惑う implies being momentarily bewildered by something unexpected. 困惑する is stronger, often involving embarrassment or a dilemma.
I was confused because the explanation was complicated.
I took the wrong road. (lit. I confused the road.)
His explanation confused me.
Implies causing someone to be perplexed or at a loss. Slightly more emotional than 混乱させる.
The question confused him.
To cause someone to be bewildered or unsure how to react. Often used for unexpected situations.
The sudden news confused her.
That remark confused the discussion.
To make something ambiguous or to divert attention, often intentionally. Can mean 'to confuse the issue'.
He tried to confuse the issue.
I am confused.
The situation is confused.
To be bewildered or at a loss, often due to an unexpected event. Emphasizes the feeling of not knowing what to do.
She was confused by the sudden question.
To be perplexed or embarrassed. Often used when faced with a difficult problem or awkward situation.
I was confused by his behavior.
To be flustered or confused, often in a social situation. Casual.
I got confused in front of everyone.
いきなり名前を呼ばれて戸惑った。
I was confused when someone suddenly called my name.
I was confused (and troubled) by his rude attitude.
English speakers often say 'I'm confused' as a polite way to ask for clarification. In Japanese, directly saying 混乱しています can sound too strong. Often, it's better to say よくわからないのですが (I don't quite understand) or ちょっとわからないんですが (I'm not sure).