Translation guide
In Japanese, the concept of a criminal record is expressed through several terms that differ in formality, context, and nuance. The most common and neutral term is 前科, but legal and colloquial alternatives exist.
To refer to a person's past criminal convictions in a general sense.
The standard, neutral term for a criminal record. Used in everyday conversation and official contexts.
He has a criminal record.
Having a criminal record makes it hard to find a job.
Literally 'crime history', a more formal or legal term. Often used in official documents or news reports.
His criminal record is on file with the police.
A broader term meaning 'previous record' or 'past history', which can include criminal history but is not limited to it. Often used in legal or investigative contexts.
Investigate the suspect's past record.
To state that someone has no criminal convictions.
To refer to an official document proving one's criminal history (or lack thereof).
前科 is the everyday term for a criminal record, while 犯罪歴 is more formal and often used in legal or official contexts. 前科 is more common in conversation.
Do not translate 'criminal record' literally as 犯罪記録 (hanzai kiroku). While understandable, it is not a natural Japanese term for this concept.
A certificate of no criminal record is required for overseas employment.