Translation guide
Expresses that something happens or is true even though a preceding fact or situation might suggest otherwise. In Japanese, this is usually expressed with conjunctions or sentence-ending patterns that mark a contrast with the previous statement.
The speaker acknowledges a preceding fact but states something that goes against the expectation it creates.
A common conjunction meaning 'despite that' or 'and yet'. Used at the start of a sentence to contrast with what was just said. Slightly emphatic.
それなのに is used in everyday conversation and carries a slight emotional tone (surprise, frustration). それにもかかわらず is neutral and formal, common in news reports and academic writing.
彼は親切だ。それなのに、友達が少ない。
He is kind. Despite this, he has few friends. (expresses surprise)
努力した。それにもかかわらず、結果は出なかった。
Efforts were made. Despite this, no results were achieved. (neutral report)
Do not translate 'despite this' word-for-word as これをにもかかわらず or similar. Use the set phrases above.
彼はたくさん勉強した。それなのに、試験に落ちた。
He studied a lot. Despite this, he failed the exam.
A formal conjunction meaning 'nevertheless' or 'in spite of that'. Suitable for writing and formal speech.
経済は回復している。それにもかかわらず、失業率は高いままだ。
The economy is recovering. Despite this, the unemployment rate remains high.
A casual conjunction used in conversation. Often follows a noun or na-adjective directly, but can also start a sentence as 'なのに' to mean 'but still'.
もう春なのに、まだ寒い。
It's already spring, but it's still cold.
彼は約束した。なのに、来なかった。
He promised. Despite this, he didn't come.
Means 'even so' or 'but still'. Used to introduce a contrasting statement, often implying determination or an unexpected outcome.
雨が降っている。それでも、彼は出かけた。
It's raining. Despite this, he went out.
A formal pattern that attaches to a noun or clause to mean 'in spite of'. Often used in written language. Can be used mid-sentence.
悪天候にもかかわらず、試合は行われた。
Despite the bad weather, the game was held.